Subclinical Hearing Loss, Longer Sleep Duration, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Japanese General Population

Table 2

Odds ratios of each sleep duration for hearing loss.

Frequency	Sleep durations	≤5 h	6 h	7 h	8 h	≥9 h
4,000 Hz
Model 1		1	1.27 (1.10–1.46)^‡	2.06 (1.79–2.36)^‡	3.92 (3.39–4.54)^‡	8.38 (6.50–10.8)^‡
Model 2	a	1	1.04 (0.90–1.21)	1.17 (1.01–1.37)*	1.38 (1.17–1.64)^‡	1.82 (1.32–2.50)^‡
	b	0.98 (0.84–1.14)	1	1.11 (1.01–1.21)*	1.30 (1.16–1.45)^‡	1.72 (1.28–2.31)^‡
Model 3		1	1.07 (0.90–1.27)	1.20 (1.01–1.43)*	1.36 (1.13–1.64)^†	1.75 (1.22–2.50)^†
1,000 Hz
Model 1		1	1.08 (0.89–1.31)	1.42 (1.17–1.73)^‡	2.41 (1.96–2.97)^‡	6.80 (4.88–9.48)^‡
Model 2	a	1	0.93 (0.77–1.14)	0.95 (0.77–1.16)	1.13 (0.90–1.41)	2.06 (1.43–2.97)^‡
	b	1.07 (0.88–1.31)	1	1.02 (0.90–1.15)	1.21 (1.04–1.41)*	2.21 (1.60–3.07)^‡
Model 3		1	1.00 (0.80–1.24)	1.00 (0.79–1.25)	1.16 (0.90–1.49)	2.20 (1.47–3.29)^‡

, , and .
The number of subjects in each group is the same as that in Table 1.
Hearing loss was defined as >25 dB hearing level in the right and/or left sides of ear.
Model 1: unadjusted.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, and having regular exercise, quartile of white blood cell counts, six tiles of body mass index, and past history of cardiovascular disease, complications (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes), self-reported tinnitus, working duration, and occupation.
The reference sleep duration was ≤5 h in Model 2a and 6 h in Model 2b.
Model 3: Model 2a plus adjustments for organic solvent work (available ).