Subclinical Hearing Loss, Longer Sleep Duration, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Japanese General Population
Table 3
Odds ratio of cardiovascular risk factors for hearing loss.
Models
4,000 Hz
1,000 Hz
Unadjusted
Multivariate adjusted
Unadjusted
Multivariate adjusted
Gender
Men (versus women)
5.69 (5.07–6.37)‡
4.47 (3.87–5.15)‡
1.22 (1.09–1.36)‡
1.18 (1.01–1.37)*
Body mass index six categories
≤19.0 kg/m2
0.73 (0.63–0.86)‡
1.22 (1.02–1.47)*
0.98 (0.79–1.20)
1.23 (0.99–1.53)
19.1–21.0 kg/m2
0.80 (0.71–0.89)‡
1.06 (0.93–1.20)
0.81 (0.69–0.96)*
0.94 (0.80–1.11)
21.1–22.9 kg/m2
1
1
1
1
23.0–24.9 kg/m2
1.37 (1.25–1.50)‡
1.05 (0.94–1.17)
1.05 (0.91–1.21)
0.89 (0.77–1.03)
25.0–26.9 kg/m2
1.46 (1.32–1.62)‡
1.06 (0.95–1.19)
1.10 (0.94–1.28)
0.89 (0.76–1.05)
≥27.0 kg/m2
1.00 (0.90–1.11)
0.95 (0.84–1.08)
0.88 (0.74–1.03)
0.88 (0.74–1.05)
White blood cell
<25% tile
1
1
1
1
25–49.9% tile
1.29 (1.17–1.42)‡
1.08 (0.96–1.21)
1.15 (1.00–1.33)
1.10 (0.95–1.28)
50–75% tile
1.38 (1.25–1.52)‡
1.07 (0.95–1.19)
1.13 (0.98–1.31)
1.07 (0.92–1.24)
>75% tile (≥88.9 × 102/μL)
1.67 (1.52–1.83)‡
1.15 (1.03–1.29)*
1.18 (1.02–1.36)*
1.08 (0.92–1.26)
Past history of cardiovascular diseasea,b
2.08 (1.70–2.55)‡
1.08 (0.85–1.36)
1.91 (1.40–2.58)‡
1.15 (0.83–1.58)
Complication of
Hypertensionb
3.14 (2.85–3.45)‡
1.00 (0.90–1.11)
2.46 (2.15–2.81)‡
1.07 (0.92–1.23)
Dyslipidemiab
1.27 (1.10–1.46)†
0.81 (0.70–0.95)†
1.51 (1.24–1.84)‡
1.00 (0.82–1.23)
Diabetesb
3.71 (3.27–4.21)‡
1.53 (1.32–1.76)‡
3.06 (2.54–3.68)‡
1.56 (1.28–1.90)‡
Tinnitus
Presentb
4.51 (3.99–5.09)‡
3.13 (2.71–3.62)‡
3.13 (2.60–3.77)‡
2.03 (1.67–2.47)‡
Smoking
No smoker
1
1
1
1
Past smoker
1.89 (1.71–2.09)‡
0.98 (0.87–1.11)
1.19 (1.02–1.39)
0.96 (0.81–1.13)
Current smoker
2.04 (1.90–2.18)‡
1.29 (1.18–1.41)‡
1.15 (1.04–1.28)†
1.08 (0.95–1.22)
Alcohol consumption
No drinker
1
1
1
1
Occasional drinker
0.54 (0.48–0.60)‡
0.95 (0.84–1.07)
0.49 (0.42–0.56)‡
0.87 (0.74–1.01)
1~3/week drinker
0.77 (0.69–0.86)‡
0.85 (0.75–0.96)†
0.62 (0.52–0.73)‡
0.85 (0.72–1.01)
4~6/week drinker
1.31 (1.18–1.46)‡
0.93 (0.83–1.06)
0.82 (0.70–0.97)*
0.82 (0.69–0.98)*
Daily drinker
2.40 (2.21–2.62)‡
1.17 (1.05–1.30)†
1.37 (1.20–1.55)‡
1.04 (0.90–1.20)
Exercise
≥2/week exerciser
1
1
1
1
1/week exerciser
0.94 (0.84–1.05)
0.99 (0.87–1.13)
0.83 (0.71–0.99)*
0.93 (0.78–1.10)
Occasional exerciser
0.88 (0.78–0.99)*
1.12 (0.97–1.29)
0.72 (0.59–0.87)‡
0.99 (0.81–1.21)
No exerciser
1.13 (1.03–1.23)*
1.18 (1.06–1.31)†
1.10 (0.96–1.25)
1.18 (1.02–1.36)*
Work duration
≤6 h
1
1
1
1
7 h
1.58 (1.34–1.85)‡
1.05 (0.86–1.29)
0.89 (0.73–1.10)
0.90 (0.72–1.11)
8 h
1.27 (1.12–1.45)‡
1.00 (0.85–1.18)
0.61 (0.52–0.70)‡
0.85 (0.71–1.01)
9 h
0.96 (0.83–1.11)
0.87 (0.72–1.06)
0.45 (0.37–0.55)‡
0.76 (0.61–0.95)*
10 h
0.93 (0.79–1.08)
0.92 (0.76–1.11)
0.40 (0.32–0.49)‡
0.71 (0.56–0.90)†
≥11 h
0.70 (0.60–0.82)‡
0.87 (0.72–1.06)
0.29 (0.24–0.36)‡
0.62 (0.48–0.79)‡
, , and .
aCardiovascular disease including heart disease and stroke.
bPresent versus absent. Confounding factors in multivariate adjustments include those listed in Model 2a of Table 2. Numbers in exercise express the times of exercise (>30 min per session).
