Abstract
Background. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a common public health problem worldwide and a major cause of hearing impairment especially in developing countries. The role of Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL), a component of innate immunity, in CSOM has not been studied. The aim of the study was to examine whether MBL deficiency was more frequently present in cases group of tubotympanic CSOM patients rather than healthy subjects. Material and Methods. This was an analytic observational study. Subjects were enrolled in the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic at Margono Soekarjo Hospital, Purwokerto, Indonesia. An independent -test was used to compare the mean of MBL serum concentration between tubotympanic CSOM subjects and control. Results. From 36 tubotympanic CSOM patients, there were 8 (22.22%) patients with MBL deficiency (MBL level < 100 ng/ml), while no deficiency was found in the control group. The mean of MBL level in cases group was 354.88 ng/ml, with the lowest level being 0.001 ng/ml and the highest level 690.24 ng/ml, while in the control group MBL level mean was 376.27 with the lowest level being 188.71 and the highest level 794.54 ng/ml. Conclusion. There was no significant difference of MBL serum level between tubotympanic CSOM and control group. However, the presence of subjects with MBL deficiency in the tubotympanic CSOM group might be considered as playing a role in the tubotympanic CSOM.
1. Introduction
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is defined as a persistent discharge from the middle ear through a tympanic membrane perforation for more than 6 weeks. CSOM may include a chronic perforation with or without acute or chronic otorrhoea [1]. Traditionally, CSOM is classified into two types which are tubotympanic and atticoantral disease [2, 3]. Tubotympanic chronic otitis media tends to be typified by disease of the pars tensa and mesotympanum, whereas atticoantral disease primarily involves the pars flaccida and epitympanum [3]. CSOM is a common public health problem worldwide and a major cause of hearing impairment especially in developing countries [4]. The burden of CSOM varies worldwide. Global incidence rate of CSOM was 4.76 per thousand people for a total of 31 million cases [5]. Global prevalence rates are approximately between 1% and 46%; it has been estimated that 65–330 million individuals have discharging ears, 60% of whom suffered from significant hearing impairment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Western Pacific countries have the highest prevalence (2.5% to 43%), followed by South East Asia (0.9% to 7.8%), Africa (0.4% to 4.2%), South and Central America (3%), the Eastern Mediterranean (1.4%), and finally Europe (average prevalence of 0.4%) [4].
The occurrence of tubotympanic CSOM is caused by multiple factors such as viral or bacterial infections, tubal dysfunction, allergies, and immunological, environmental, and socioeconomic factors, but bacterial infections that enter the middle ear through nasopharynx was believed to be the most common cause [6–8]. In addition, bacterial infections also play an important role in the chronicity and recurrence of otitis media. One of the immune systems that play a role in eliminating bacteria is innate immune system [9]. The innate immune response provides an important defense in early life since passive maternal antibodies are reduced and there is a relative immaturity of the adaptive immune response [10]. Unlike the adaptive immune process which is pathogen-specific, the innate immune system provides a nonspecific defense mechanism, which also stimulates and modulates adaptive immune responses [11]. It uses pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize the molecular signature of pathogens, known as the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), to detect microbial infection [9, 11].
The actions of the innate immune system and the crosstalk with the slower but a longer-term adaptive immune system allow pathogens clearance, recovery of mucosal homeostasis, and prevention of persistent inflammation. Failure to recover homeostasis is thought to result in chronic inflammation [12].
One of the important molecules in the innate immune system that is involved in the first defense mechanism before antibody production is Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) [13]. MBL is a water-soluble protein, synthesized by hepatocyte cells in the liver. MBL binds not only carbohydrate groups to bacteria, but also phospholipids, nucleic acids, and nonglycosylase proteins, properties which may be relevant to apoptotic cell clearance [9].
Low level of MBL can cause a poor directed immune activity against several types of pathogens, and these incorrect reactions will affect many series events that will trigger the formation of polyps [14]. The aim of the current study was to compare the mean of MBL serum level in tubotympanic CSOM patients and in healthy subjects and moreover to examine whether MBL deficiency was more frequently present in a group of tubotympanic CSOM patients than in healthy subjects.
2. Material and Methods
This was an analytic observational study. Subjects were enrolled in the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic at Margono Soekarjo Hospital, Purwokerto, Indonesia. This study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia, and informed consent was obtained from the subjects. The study consisted of 36 subjects of case group who had been diagnosed with tubotympanic CSOM and 36 subjects in healthy control group between the ages of 17 and 50 years.
Diagnostic criteria of tubotympanic CSOM based on clinical practice guidelines of the Indonesian Association of Otorhinolaryngology (PERHATI) are as follows: persistent or recurrence of ear discharge for more than two months; perforated tympanic membrane; negative findings of cholesteatoma from physical examination or radiological examination [15].
Subjects who had suffered from infection of the external ear such as diffuse external otitis or otomycosis and subjects who had history of HIV-AIDS, diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune disease were excluded from this study. Subjects who were taking steroid medicine and subjects who did not cooperate with the examination were also excluded. The serum MBL levels of patients and controls were measured by sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a Human MBL ELISA Kit (Bioporto®, Denmark). Diluted samples and standards were incubated in microtiter wells coated with monoclonal antibody mannan at room temperature for 1 hour. After washing, the plates were incubated for 1 hour with diluted tracer, followed by incubation for 1 hour with diluted streptavidin–peroxidase conjugate. Color was developed using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate solution, and the reaction was stopped by adding stop solution. The plates were placed in a spectrophotometer and the absorbance was measured at 450 nm. An independent -test was used to compare the mean of MBL serum concentration between tubotympanic CSOM subjects and control.
3. Results
Out of 36 cases studied, 11 (30.5%) were male and 25 (69.5%) female. The average age was 37.29 years with range of 17–60 years old. In the control group, there were 17 (47.2%) male and 19 (52.8%) female. The average age was 30.42 years with minimum age was 17 and maximum age was 52 years old (Table 1). From 36 cases studied, there were 47 ears suffering from tubotympanic CSOM, of which 25 (69.4%) were bilateral and 11 (30.6%) unilateral. Thirty-four ears (72.3%) were active condition, while 13 (27.7%) ears were inactive.
The mean of MBL level in cases group was 354,88 ng/ml, with the lowest level being 0.001 ng/ml and the highest level 690.24 ng/ml, while in the control group MBL level mean was 376.27 with the lowest level being 188.71 and the highest level 794.54 ng/ml. From 36 tubotympanic CSOM patients, we found 8 (22.22%) patients with MBL deficiency (MBL level < 100 ng/ml [16]), while no deficiency was found in the control group.
Independent -test showed that there was no significant difference of MBL serum level between tubotympanic CSOM and control group ().
4. Discussion
Several studies that elaborate the role of MBL in health and disease have been published. In the otorhinolaryngology field, research on MBL relationship with some diseases has been done with varying results, such as the research conducted by Homøe et al. which shows that there was no significant relationship between MBL genotype and otitis media. On the other hand, a research conducted by Nuytinck et al. suggests that there was a meaningful relationship between MBL genotype with recurrent acute otitis media [9, 17]. However, there were limitations of this study to demonstrate the role of MBL to CSOM, one of which is the relatively small number of samples.
The mean of MBL level of the tubotympanic CSOM group was 354.88 ng/ml, whereas the mean MBL concentration of the control group in this study was 376.27 ng/ml. These data indicate that the mean MBL levels of both groups were within normal limits, since MBL deficiency is defined as an MBL serum concentration below 100 ng/mL [16]. Although there was no statistically significant difference in MBL serum levels between tubotympanic CSOM patients and healthy subjects, the study found that 8 (22.2%) patients had MBL deficiency, while no deficiency was found in the control group. We found previous literature which suggest that MBL deficiency is associated with chronicity of disease, namely, hepatitis C [18] and chronic periodontitis [19]. This suggests that MBL deficiency may be clinically involved in the pathogenesis of tubotympanic CSOM.
Unlike the previous study by Nuytinck et al. that stated there was a significant relationship between low MBL levels and recurrent acute otitis media [9], this study did not support the assumption that MBL has a relationship with tubotympanic CSOM. There are some issues to consider. First, there has not been any epidemiological studies on MBL levels in Indonesia, including the number/percentage of people with MBL deficiency. The absence of data on normal serum MBL levels in Indonesia has resulted in the criteria of MBL deficiency in Indonesia, which still uses the normal standard for Caucasians, which may differ from Melanesian, especially the Javanese ethnicity. Second, the previous study used child subjects while this study used adult subjects. In children, antibodies from the mother have decreased while adaptive immune system is immature, leading to a weak immune system period [10]. Third, this may be due to the possibility that MBL is not the only component in innate immune systems that play a role in the introduction of pathogenic molecular patterns. MBL works as opsonin and initiates lectin complement activation pathway [20]. In addition, the ability of MBL to identify and bind to bacteria may be involved in the pathogenesis of CSOM [21]. In vitro studies conducted by Garred et al. in 1999 found that MBL has a weak binding with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is the most common bacterial cause of tubotympanic CSOM [4], and, therefore, opsonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by MBL cannot occur in in vivo conditions [22].
To our knowledge, this is the first study to specifically examine serum levels of MBL in tubotympanic CSOM patients compared with healthy subjects. Further research is needed with a larger number of samples and to study the relationship between MBL levels in the middle ear with CSOM.
5. Conclusion
The findings of the current study indicate that having deficient of MBL levels is not a major factor in the pathogenesis of tubotympanic CSOM. However, the presence of subjects with MBL deficiency in the tubotympanic CSOM group might be considered as playing a role in the tubotympanic CSOM.
Conflicts of Interest
All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This project was funded entirely by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia.