International Journal of Photoenergy
Volume 2008 (2008), Article ID 258394, 19 pages
doi:10.1155/2008/258394
Review Article
Visible-Light-Active Titania Photocatalysts: The Case of N-Doped TiO2s—Properties and Some Fundamental Issues
1Department of Photonics, Fock Research Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
2Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Universita di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, Pavia 27100 , Italy
Received 13 September 2007; Revised 14 October 2007; Accepted 12 November 2007
Academic Editor: M. Sabry A. Abdel-Mottaleb
Copyright © 2008 Alexei V. Emeline et al. This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- D. Lawless, Photophysical studies on materials of interest to heterogeneous photocatalysis and to imaging science: CdS quantum dots, doped and undoped ultrasmall semiconductor particles, and silver halides, M.S. thesis, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1993.
- M. Anpo and M. Takeuchi, “The design and development of highly reactive titanium oxide photocatalysts operating under visible light irradiation,” Journal of Catalysis, vol. 216, no. 1-2, pp. 505–516, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Sato, “Photocatalytic activity of nitrogen oxide ()-doped titanium dioxide in the visible light region,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 123, pp. 126–128, 1986. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Asahi, T. Morikawa, T. Ohwaki, K. Aoki, and Y. Taga, “Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides,” Science, vol. 293, pp. 269–275, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- T. Morikawa, R. Asahi, T. Ohwaki, K. Aoki, and Y. Taga, “Band-gap narrowing of titanium dioxide by nitrogen doping,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 2: Letters, vol. 40, no. 6 A, pp. L561–L563, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- X. Chen and S. S. Mao, “Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, modifications and applications,” Chemical Reviews, vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 2891–2959, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- X. Chen, Y. Lou, S. Dayal, et al., “Doped semiconductor nanomaterials,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1408–1420, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- N. Serpone, A. V. Emeline, V. N. Kuznetsov, and V. K. Ryabchuk, “Second generation visible-light-active photocatalysts: preparation, optical properties and consequences of dopants on the band gap energy of ,” in Environmentally Benign Catalysts—Applications of Titanium Oxide-Based Photocatalysts, M. Anpo and P. V. Kamat, Eds., Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2007.
- H. M. Yates, M. G. Nolan, D. W. Sheel, and M. E. Pemble, “The role of nitrogen doping on the development of visible light-induced photocatalytic activity in thin films grown on glass by chemical vapour deposition,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol. 179, no. 1-2, pp. 213–223, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. Noda, K. Oikawa, T. Ogata, K. Matsuki, and H. Kamata, “Preparation of titanium(IV) oxides and its characterization,” Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, pp. 1084–1090, 1986.
- N. C. Saha and H. G. Tompkins, “Titanium nitride oxidation chemistry: an x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 72, pp. 3072–3079, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- D. H. Lee, Y. S. Cho, W. I. Yi, T. S. Kim, J. K. Lee, and H. J. Jung, “Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of : N anatase thin film on Si substrate,” Applied physics letters, vol. 66, pp. 815–816, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Ihara, M. Miyoshi, Y. Iriyama, O. Matsumoto, and S. Sugihara, “Visible-light-active titanium oxide photocatalyst realized by an oxygen-deficient structure and by nitrogen doping,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 403–409, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. Irie, Y. Watanabe, and K. Hashimoto, “Nitrogen-concentration dependence on photocatalytic activity of powders,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 23, pp. 5483–5486, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Lindgren, J. M. Mwabora, E. Avandaño, et al., “Photoelectrochemical and optical properties of nitrogen doped titanium dioxide films prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 24, pp. 5709–5716, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Sakthivel and H. Kisch, “Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide,” ChemPhysChem, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 487–490, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. Yin, H. Yamaki, M. Komatsu, et al., “Preparation of nitrogen-doped titania with high visible light induced photocatalytic activity by mechanochemical reaction of titania and hexamethylenetetramine,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2996–3001, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- M.-C. Yang, T.-S. Yang, and M.-S. Wong, “Nitrogen-doped titanium oxide films as visible light photocatalyst by vapor deposition,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 469–470, pp. 1–5, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. Burda, Y. Lou, X. Chen, A. C. S. Samia, J. Stout, and J. L. Gole, “Enhanced nitrogen doping in nanoparticles,” Nano Letters, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 1049–1051, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. L. Gole, J. D. Stout, C. Burda, Y. Lou, and X. Chen, “Highly efficient formation of visible light tunable photocatalysts and their transformation at the nanoscale,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 1230–1240, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- X. Chen and C. Burda, “Photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of nitrogen-doped titania nanoparticles,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 40, pp. 15446–15449, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. M. Prokes, J. L. Gole, X. Chen, C. Burda, and W. E. Carlos, “Defect-related optical behavior in surface-modified nanostructures,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 161–167, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- X. Chen, Y. Low, A. C. S. Samia, C. Burda, and J. L. Gole, “Formation of oxynitride as the photocatalytic enhancing site in nitrogen-doped titania nanocatalysts: comparison to a commercial nanopowder,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 41–49, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. S. Gopinath, “Comment on “photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of nitrogen-doped titania nanoparticles”,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 13, pp. 7079–7080, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. Sato, R. Nakamura, and S. Abe, “Visible-light sensitization of photocatalysts by wet-method N doping,” Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 284, no. 1-2, pp. 131–137, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- E. György, A. Pérez del Pino, P. Serra, and J. L. Morenza, “Depth profiling characterisation of the surface layer obtained by pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation of titanium in nitrogen,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 173, no. 2-3, pp. 265–270, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. Burda and J. Gole, “Reply to comment on photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of nitrogen-doped titania nanoparticles,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 13, pp. 7081–7082, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. Irie, Y. Watanabe, and K. Hashimoto, “Nitrogen-concentration dependence on photocatalytic activity of powders,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 23, pp. 5483–5486, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Nakamura, T. Tanaka, and Y. Nakato, “Mechanism for visible light responses in anodic photocurrents at N-doped film electrodes,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 30, pp. 10617–10620, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Ma, M. Akiyama, E. Abe, and I. Imai, “High-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell based on a nitrogen-doped nanostructured titania electrode,” Nano Letters, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 2543–2547, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- O. Diwald, T. L. Thompson, E. G. Goralski, S. D. Walck, and J. T. Yates, Jr., “The effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the photoactivity of rutile single crystals,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 52–57, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- O. Diwald, T. L. Thompson, T. Zubkov, Ed. G. Goralski, S. D. Walck, and J. T. Yates, Jr., “Photochemical activity of nitrogen-doped rutile (110) in visible light,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 19, pp. 6004–6008, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. L. Thompson and J. T. Yates, Jr., “-based photocatalysis: surface defects, oxygen and charge transfer,” Topics in Catalysis, vol. 35, no. 3-4, pp. 197–210, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- P. Frach, D. Glöß, M. Vergöhl, F. Neumann, and K. Hund-Rinke, “Photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide films prepared by reactive pulse magnetron sputtering,” in Proceeding of the 4th International Workshop on the Utilization and Commercialisation of Photocatalytic Systems (EJIPAC '04), Saarbrücken, Germany, October 2004.
- D. Li, H. Haneda, S. Hishita, and N. Ohashi, “Visible-light-driven nitrogen-doped photocatalysts: effect of nitrogen precursors on their photocatalysis for decomposition of gas-phase organic pollutants,” Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 67–75, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- M. Mrowetz, W. Balcerski, A. J. Colussi, and M. R. Hoffmann, “Oxidative power of nitrogen-doped photocatalysts under visible illumination,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 45, pp. 17269–17273, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- Y. Aita, M. Komatsu, S. Yin, and T. Sato, “Phase-compositional control and visible light photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titania via solvothermal process,” Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 177, no. 9, pp. 3235–3238, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. P. Vitiello, J. M. Macak, A. Ghicov, H. Tsuchiya, L. F. P. Dick, and P. Schmuki, “N-Doping of anodic nanotubes using heat treatment in ammonia,” Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 544–548, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- M. Kitano, K. Funatsu, M. Matsuoka, M. Ueshima, and M. Anpo, “Preparation of nitrogen-substituted thin film photocatalysts by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition method and their photocatalytic reactivity under visible light irradiation,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 50, pp. 25266–25272, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S.-K. Joung, T. Amemiya, M. Murabayashi, and K. Itoh, “Relation between photocatalytic activity and preparation conditions for nitrogen-doped visible light-driven photocatalysts,” Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 312, no. 1-2, pp. 20–26, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. In, A. Orlov, F. García, M. Tikhov, D. S. Wright, and R. M. Lambert, “Efficient visible light-active N-doped photocatalysts by a reproducible and controllable synthetic route,” Chemical Communications, no. 40, pp. 4236–4238, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- C. Belver, R. Bellod, A. Fuerte, and M. Fernández-García, “Nitrogen-containing photocatalysts. Part 1. Synthesis and solid characterization,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 65, no. 3-4, pp. 301–308, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. Belver, R. Bellod, S. J. Stewart, F. G. Requejo, and M. Fernández-García, “Nitrogen-containing photocatalysts. Part 2. Photocatalytic behavior under sunlight excitation,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 65, no. 3-4, pp. 309–314, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Matsumoto, N. Iyi, Y. Kaneko, et al., “High visible-light photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titania prepared from layered titania/isostearate nanocomposite,” Catalysis Today, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 226–232, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Tachikawa, M. Fujitsuka, and T. Majima, “Mechanistic insight into the photocatalytic reactions: design of new photocatalysts,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 14, pp. 5259–5275, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Asahi, Y. Taga, W. Mannstadt, and A. J. Freeman, “Electronic and optical properties of anatase ,” Physical Review B—Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 7459–7465, 2000.
- C. Di Valentin, G.-F. Pacchioni, and A. Selloni, “Origin of the different photoactivity of N-doped anatase and rutile ,” Physical Review B—Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 70, no. 8, Article ID 085116, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. Di Valentin, G.-F. Pacchioni, A. Selloni, S. Livraghi, and E. Giamello, “Characterization of paramagnetic species in N-doped powders by EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 109, no. 23, pp. 11414–11419, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- K. Yang, Y. Dai, H. Baibiao, and H. Shenghao, “Theoretical study of N-doped rutile crystals,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 47, pp. 24011–24014, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. Livraghi, M. C. Paganini, E. Giamello, A. Selloni, C. Di Valentin, and G.-F. Pacchioni, “Origin of photoactivity of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide under visible light,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 128, no. 49, pp. 15666–15671, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. Livraghi, A. Votta, M. C. Paganini, and E. Giamello, “The nature of paramagnetic species in nitrogen doped active in visible light photocatalysis,” Chemical Communications, no. 4, pp. 498–500, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. A. Henderson, W. S. Epling, C. H. F. Peden, and C. L. Perkins, “Insights into photoexcited electron scavenging processes on obtained from studies of the reaction of with OH groups adsorbed at electronic defects on (110),” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 534–545, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Berger, M. Sterrer, O. Diwald, et al., “Light-induced charge separation in anatase particles,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 109, no. 13, pp. 6061–6068, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. C. Hurum, A. G. Agrios, K. A. Gray, T. Rajh, and M. C. Thurnauer, “Explaining the enhanced photocatalytic activity of degussa P25 mixed-phase using EPR,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 19, pp. 4545–4549, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. Wang and J. P. Lewis, “Second-generation photocatalytic materials: anion-doped ,” Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 421–434, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. Pascual, J. Camassel, and H. Mathieu, “Fine structure in the intrinsic absorption edge of titanium dioxide,” Physical Review B, vol. 18, pp. 5606–5614, 1978. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- K. M. Glassford and J. R. Chelikowsky, “Structural and electronic properties of titanium dioxide,” Physical Review B, vol. 46, pp. 1284–1298, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. Sanjines, H. Tang, H. Berger, F. Gozzo, G. Margaritondo, and F. Levy, “Electronic structure of anatase oxide,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 75, pp. 2945–2951, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. Tang, F. Levy, H. Berger, and P. E. Schmid, “Urbach tail of anatase ,” Physical Review B, vol. 52, pp. 7771–7774, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. D. Mo and W. Y. Ching, “Electronic and optical properties of three phases of titanium dioxide: rutile, anatase, and brookite,” Physical Review B, vol. 51, pp. 13023–13032, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. Kim, S. J. Doh, S. G. Lee, S. J. Lee, and H. Y. Kim, “Visible-light absorptivity of a zincoxysulfide () composite semiconductor and its photocatalytic activities for degradation of organic pollutants under visible-light irradiation,” Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 330, no. 1-2, pp. 127–133, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- V. N. Kuznetsov and N. Serpone, “Visible light absorption by various titanium dioxide specimens,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 50, pp. 25203–25209, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. Li, N. Ohashi, S. Hishita, T. Kolodiazhnyi, and H. Haneda, “Origin of visible-light-driven photocatalysis: a comparative study on N/F-doped and N-F-codoped powders by means of experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations,” Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 178, no. 11, pp. 3293–3302, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. Wang, W. Zhu, Y. Zhang, and S. Liu, “An efficient two-step technique for nitrogendoped titanium dioxide synthesizing: visible-light-induced photodecomposition of methylene blue,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, pp. 1010–1014, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Sekiya, K. Ichimura, M. Igarashi, and S. Kurita, “Absorption spectra of anatase single crystals heat-treated under oxygen atmosphere,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 1237–1242, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. Sekiya, T. Yagisawa, N. Kamiya, et al., “Defects in anatase single crystal controlled by heat treatments,” Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 703–710, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- N. Serpone, “Is the band gap of pristine narrowed by anion- and cation-doping of titanium dioxide in second-generation photocatalysts?,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 48, pp. 24287–24293, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. Chen, L.-B. Lin, and F.-Q. Jing, “Theoretical study of F-type color center in rutile ,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 1257–1262, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- K. Suriye, P. Praserthdam, and B. Jongsomjit, “Control of surface defect on nanocrystal using various calcination atmospheres as the first step for surface defect creation and its application in photocatalysis,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 253, no. 8, pp. 3849–3855, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- V. N. Kuznetsov and N. Serpone, “Photo-induced coloration and photobleaching of titanium dioxide in /polymer compositions on UV- and visible-light excitation into the color centers' absorption bands. Direct experimental evidence negating band gap narrowing in anion-/cation-doped ,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, pp. 15277–15288, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. V. Emeline, N. V. Sheremetyeva, N. V. Khomchenko, V. K. Ryabchuk, and N. Serpone, “Photoinduced formation of defects and nitrogen stabilization of color centers in N-doped titanium dioxide,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 30, pp. 11456–11462, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar