Nitrogen Incorporation in TiO₂: Does It Make a Visible Light Photo-Active Material?

Table 2

2p_3/2 binding energy values for Ti in N-substituted TiO₂.

S. No	Binding energy of 2p3/2 level of Ti In N–TiO2 (in eV)	Assigned as	Reference
1	458	Ti in 4+ oxidation state	[27]
2	459.3, 458.5	Electronic interaction is different, covalency	[45]
3	<459.1	Substitution of N Multiple oxidation states +3+2	[52]
4	+0.9 and +2.1 with respect TiO2	Intrinsic defects implanted nitrogen	[31]
5	458	Same as in TiO2	[27]
6	458.6, 456.2	Ti in +3 and +4 states	[59]
7	458.2	Shifted to lower value, electron density increases, covalency	[26, 53]
8	459.2, 456.1	Decrease by 05–02 eV with respect to TiO2, N–Ti–N or O–Ti–N, N–Ti–N, O–Ti–N	[58]
9	458.1, 463.8	Ti–N bonds shifts to lower values	[23]
10	457.5	Ti–N	[20]