Construction of Tungsten Halogen, Pulsed LED, and Combined Tungsten Halogen-LED Solar Simulators for Solar Cell 𝐼-𝑉 Characterization and Electrical Parameters Determination

Table 1

Irradiance uniformity and temporal instability of seven solar simulators.

Light sources	Average	Uniformity		Temporal instability
	irradiance	% Uniformity	Uniformity class	% Temporal  instability	Temporal instability class
	(Wm^−2)
Tungsten halogen lamps
Supply voltage and separation distance
100% rated voltage, 42 cm	1004	9.8	C	1.25	A
120% rated voltage, 62 cm	1006	4.85	B	1.25	A
140% rated voltage, 78 cm	1005	2.60	B	1.25	A
Tungsten halogen lamps with blue LEDs
120% rated voltage,; 62 cm	1,040	3.60	B	0.47	A
Light emitting diodes
Blue LED	1,015	2.68	B	1.40	A
Red LED	1010	2.60	B	1.50	A
Green LED	410	3.92	B	2.50	B
White LED	415	2.92	B	2.75	B
Combined R-G-B LED	810	3.84	B	3.10	B