Effects of Anodic Buffer Layer in Top-Illuminated Organic Solar Cell with Silver Electrodes

Chiu, Tien-Lung; Mandal, Himadri; Zhang, Mi; Yang, Shun-Po; Chuang, Ya-Ting

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/131984

International Journal of Photoenergy

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Thin-Film Photovoltaics 2013

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 131984 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/131984

Effects of Anodic Buffer Layer in Top-Illuminated Organic Solar Cell with Silver Electrodes

Tien-Lung Chiu,¹Himadri Mandal,¹Mi Zhang,¹Shun-Po Yang,¹and Ya-Ting Chuang¹

Academic Editor: Stefano Caramori

Received19 Jul 2013

Accepted16 Sept 2013

Published31 Oct 2013

Abstract

An efficient ITO-free top-illuminated organic photovoltaic (TOPV) based on small molecular planar heterojunction was achieved by spinning a buffer layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), on the anode. The PEDOT:PSS thin film separates the active layer far from the Ag anode to prevent metal quenching and redistributes the strong internal optical field toward dissociated interface. The thickness and morphology of this anodic buffer layer are the key factors in determining device performances. The uniform buffer layer contributes a large short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage, benefiting the final power conversion efficiency (PCE). The TOPV device with an optimal PEDOT:PSS thickness of about 30 nm on anode exhibits the maximum PCE of 1.49%. It appreciates a 1.37-fold enhancement in PCE over that of TOPV device without buffer layer.

1. Introduction

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells based on a small molecular planar heterojunction have attracted much attention since Tang reported the first efficient device in 1986 [1]. At present, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OPV cells is less than that of inorganic solar cells [2, 3]. However, OPV is a promising candidate for the next generation renewable power source because of its easily tunable optical and electrical properties, simple process, flexible application, and low cost [4–7]. The continuous improvement of PCE has focused on material development, interface modification, structural engineering, and absorption enhancement [8–11]. In addition, there is an increasing trend towards the indium-tin-oxide- (ITO-) free devices because of the potential indium shortages and flexible applications [12–15]. OPV plays a capital role in the concept of flexibility applied to mass production by roll-to-roll process [16–18]. Hence, the interface modification between organic layer and substitute anode is an important factor affecting device performance [19]. Various materials are suitable for use as the anode, including aurum (Au) [20], aluminum (Al) [21], silver (Ag) [19, 22], and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) [4, 23].

In our previous reports [24, 25], we used Ag film as the anode and cathode to obtain an efficient top-illuminated organic photovoltaic (TOPV) device. However, many studies indicated that metal-induced exciton quenching degrades the number of excitons by nonradiative energy transfer to the metal [26–28]. For OPV device without anodic or cathodic buffer layer, the exciton quenching occurs in active layer close to metallic anode or cathode, leading to the demoted PCE [29–31]. The strength of exciton quenching depends on the exciton drift-length from formation to the donor/acceptor dissociated interface and the distance between exciton and quencher. It can be foreseen that the metal-induced exciton quenching effects in planar heterojunction OPV is stronger than that in bulk heterojunction one, because of the longer drift-length. Currently, bathocuproine (BCP) or 4,7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (BPhen), and so forth become an essential cathodic buffer layer to prevent the cathodic quenching to achieve the efficient planar heterojunction OPV device. Hence, to further upgrade the PCE of our TOPV device with Ag anode, the anodic buffer layer to separate the active layer far from anode and so prevent the anodic metal quenching is out of necessity.

Several metal oxides used to be buffer layer were reported to induce exciton quenching, for example, molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) [32], calcium oxide (CaO) [33], tin oxide (SnO) [34], and so forth. Hence, the high conductive polymeric thin film, PEDOT:PSS, is considered to be the anodic buffer layer that alleviates the exciton quenching in our TOPV devices. Thus, a great enhancement in short-circuit current () of the TOPV device could be anticipated by using the anodic and cathodic buffer layers at the same time to prevent exciton quenching.

In this paper, we investigate the optimization of the optical-electrical performance of a TOPV device to obtain the maximal PCE by utilizing a series of anodic buffer layers fabricated at various spin speeds. By characterizing these buffer layers, their thicknesses and surface morphologies were found to be important parameters that affect the optical field distribution and carrier dynamics inside device and then determine the final device performance.

2. Experiment

The basic layer configuration of TOPV follows that in our previous report, comprising a glass substrate/ (100 nm)/PEDOT:PSS (0 to 7000 rpm)/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc 20 nm)/fullerene (C₆₀ 40 nm)/BCP (7 nm)/Ag (12.5 nm)/naphthylphenylbiphenyldiamine (NPB 40 nm) [25], where CuPc is electron donor layer, C₆₀ is electron acceptor layer, BCP is exciton block layer to prevent the cathodic quenching, and NPB is capping layer to have more incident photons. Natively, Ag with low work function 4.2 e.V is suitable for electron collection as cathode and its film thickness determines the optical behaviors, highly reflection or semitransparence.was formed on the surface of thick Ag film using UV-Ozone (Jelight mode: 42) for 45 sec to raise the work function for anode application. In our previous work, we disclosed that 45 sec UV-Ozone treatment was the optimal parameter for the Ag anode of TOPV. In fabricating the buffer layer, PEDOT:PSS was spun onto the anode at 500 rpm for 10 sec, and then at 1000 to 8000 rpm for 20 sec. The physical properties of these buffer layers were sequentially characterized by dynamic force microscope (DFM: SEIKO SPA400), water contact angle analysis, photoelectron spectrometer (Riken Keiki AC-2), and spectrometer (Hitachi U4100). Apart from PEDOT:PSS layer, the organic thin films and Ag films were deposited by a multisource thermal evaporator under high vacuum 5 × 10⁻⁶ and 2 × 10⁻⁵ Torr, respectively. The active area of each cell was 4 mm² defined by the anode and cathode mask cross-section. These devices were carefully encapsulated in a glovebox. Their dark/illuminated current densities () versus voltage () curves were measured using a source meter (Keithley 2400) without/with an AM 1.5 G 1-sun solar simulator (Newport 91195A). We also employed a system comprising a solar simulator (Newport 66983), a monochromator (Newport 74045), a lock-in amplifier (Stanford Research SR830), a chopper (Stanford Research SR540) and some optical components, to measure their external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra. In addition, the refractive index and absorption coefficient of the each single thin film were measured with the use of a ellipsometer (Raditech SE-950).

3. Results and Discussions

To prove that the exciton quenching effect induced by metal oxide and it can be neglected by using PEDOT:PSS, we fabricated five thin films on glass substrates such as Alq₃ (10 nm), PEDOT:PSS (20 nm), PEDOT:PSS (20 nm)/Alq₃ (10 nm), and MoO₃ (1 nm)/Alq₃ (10 nm), MoO₃ doped Alq₃ (doping ratio in volume 1 : 10, 11 nm) to measure their photoluminescence (PL) spectra as shown in Figure 1, using spectrometer (Hitachi F4500) with the fixed excitation wavelength of 350 nm. One can see that Alq₃ and PEDOT:PSS/Alq₃ show the almost identical PL intensity. It means that the energy transfer between PEDOT:PSS and excitons in Alq₃ layer is negligible. Less exciton quenching effect resulting from PEDOT:PSS can be detected. However, the MoO₃/Alq₃ shows the decayed PL intensity due to exciton quenching effect [32]. A number of excitons in Alq₃ layer are quenched by MoO₃, especially their position closed to MoO₃. The considerable exciton quenching can be observed when MoO₃ doped into Alq₃ layer because the distances between MoO₃ atoms and excitons are very short, corresponding to the strongest nonradiative energy transfer between them. Reasonably, its PL intensity is almost naught comparing to that of the pure PEDOT:PSS film. It means that MoO₃ does actuate the exciton quenching effects, whereas PEDOT:PSS does not.

Good surface wettability of anode substrate is a basic requirement for the following uniform film deposition [35]. The wetted substrate corresponding to the small static water contact angle benefits the qualified film deposition in atomic layer by layer without aggregated islands. There is an agreement on that the organic film deposition on the wetter substrate exhibits the higher carrier mobility, less defect formation, and smoother surface roughness and is good for device performance [35–37]. Figure 2 shows photos for the static water contact angle on the surface of Ag, , and /PEDOT:PSS thin films, used to assess surface wettability. The original Ag film surface is hydrophobic and exhibits a large water contact angle of 56°. After 45 sec UV-Ozone treatment, the water contact angle a little reduces to 48° due to the generation of on the Ag surface. There is ±1° and ±2° uncertainty in the contact angle on the different Ag and Ag- film surfaces, respectively. To improve further the anodic surface wettability, we coated the anode surface with PEDOT:PSS. UV-Ozone treatment of Ag surface is helpful for the sequential PEDOT:PSS coating to avoid film breakage, because the contact angle of PEDOT:PSS on bare Ag surface is very large [38]. For example, forming a PEDOT:PSS at 5000 rpm provides the conspicuous decease in water contact angle to 31° as shown in Figure 2. The average water contact angle on various PEDOT:PSS surfaces fabricated at the spin speed of 1000 to 8000 rpm is 30.1° ± 3°. This implies that PEDOT:PSS lamination easily transforms the hydrophobic surface to be hydrophilic. In addition, the work function of Ag, , and /PEDOT:PSS thin films were 4.16, 4.9, and 5.1 eV, respectively. Hence, the fabrication of /PEDOT:PSS anode provides good wettability and high work function, suitable for organic layer deposition.

(a)

(b)

(c)

We characterized layer thickness and surface roughness for the various PEDOT:PSS films as shown in Figure 3. As coating speed increased, the thickness of PEDOT:PSS films thinned due to the greater centrifugal force. The figure shows that film thickness fabricated at 1000, 3000, 5000, and 7000 rpm were 59.7, 39.8, 29, 11.9 nm, respectively. Under our coating process, the uniformity of film thickness was greater than 90% while the spin speed is greater than 3000 rpm. Distinctively, the uniformity of film thickness less than 70% was observed as spin speed less than 2000 rpm. The average roughness () of 5 × 5 μm² scanning area dwindles as spin speed grows from 1000 rpm to 5000 rpm, and then gets large as the spin speed over 5000 rpm. The curve shows two distinct tendencies with a demarcation at 5000 rpm, beyond which speed, defects appear on the PEDOT:PSS surface. Two inserted DFM photos in Figure 3 exhibit the smooth surface at 5000 rpm, and the appearance of holes on the surface at 7000 rpm. This defect formation results from an interaction between the weak surface tension of PEDOT:PSS solution and the strongly hydrophobic surface. Hence, a PEDOT:PSS film thickness of less than 20 nm is hard to obtain with perfect surface using substrate because the surface tension of PEDOT:PSS solution is not strong enough to allow spreading on the hydrophobic surface. This problem can be anticipated to be much greater for the bare Ag substrate.

Figure 4 presents the wavelength dependent reflective index () and absorption coefficient (), as well as simulated optical field distribution inside the TOPV devices with/without 30 nm PEDOT:PSS layer. The involved refractive indexes and absorption coefficients of the organic layers such as PEDOT:PSS, CuPc, C₆₀, and BCP were individually measured from a fixed layer thickness of 50 nm utilizing an ellipsometer (Raditech SE-950) as shown in Figure 4(a). Furthermore, the simulation program was using the optical model of transfer matrix to illustrate the optical field distribution inside TOPV as shown in Figures 4(b) and 4(c) [39–41]. Both simulate diagrams show two divisions in the optical field spectrum with a boundary near 550 nm, dominated by the refractive index of the CuPc thin film. Comparing these two diagrams, the inserted PEDOT:PSS layer causes a rearrangement of the optical field. Also it is obvious to detect that the thickness of PEDOT:PSS is efficiently used to adjust the region of stronger optical field close to or far from the anode. In particular, the optical field intensity near the interface between donor (CuPc) and acceptor (C₆₀) is the critical region to dissociate the excitons and determine the converted current. Here, the 30 nm PEDOT:PSS shifts the stronger optical field region (red part) towards the CuPc and C₆₀ junction, reducing the exciton-loss in drift and increasing the probability of exciton dissociation. This implies that the device with 30 nm PEDOT:PSS has a higher converted current.

(a)

(b)

(c)

We used our series anodes to fabricate the TOPV devices. Figure 5 shows - performances of the devices were measured in the dark. The control TOPV device without PEDOT:PSS indicates the best - performance, caused by the short distance between anode and cathode. For a fixed driving voltage, the small electrode separation distance produces the strong electrical field inside device and accelerates the carrier mobility of organic layers [42]. Although the PEDOT:PSS generally used to be the conducting polymer layer, its thickness is still a key factor in determining anisotropic layer conductivity [43, 44]. Sandwiching it in between two electrodes, bulk conduction of PEDOT:PSS layer diminishes as increasing film thickness. Hence, 1000 rpm OPV device with the thickest PEDOT:PSS film presents a poor - behavior. Decreasing PEDOT:PSS film thickness by rising spin speed improves bulk conduction and reduces the electrode separation distance, leading to the improvement in - performance. However, the 7000 rpm corresponding to a very thin film exhibits degrade - performance. This is resulted from some defects on the film surface to hinder the carrier transport at the interface between anode and CuPc. Among these cases, the optimal spin speed is 5000 rpm to form a PEDOT:PSS thin film with good conduction and smooth surface without defects. However, it is hard to avoid that an electrical lag exists between the optimal device and control device, due to the additional PEDOT:PSS layer.

Figure 6 illustrates -curves of OPV devices under AM1.5 solar simulator illumination. Table 1 lists the photovoltaic characterizations: open-circuit voltage (), short-circuit current (), fill factor (FF), PCE, shunt resistor (), and series resistor (). The OPV devices incorporated with various PEDOT:PSS films have an almost identical to each other (0.53–0.54 V). The values are greater than 0.49 V as indicated for the control OPV device containing anode. The reason for this is that PEDOT:PSS has a greater work function than that of . Their values are 2.74, 4.77, 4.8, and 4.56 mA/cm² for 1000, 3000, 5000, and 7000 rpm fabrication spin speeds, respectively. As spin speed raises from 1000 to 5000 rpm, the diminishing film thickness results in enhanced , because of the better bulk conduction of PEDOT:PSS film, the greater carrier mobility of organic layer, and the stronger optical filed intensity nears the exciton dissociation region. Distinctively, a degraded obtained at 7000 rpm device is resulted from the deteriorated hole collection induced by a few defects at the interface between CuPc and anode. Beyond 3000 rpm, OPV devices have greater values than 3.54 mA/cm² seen for control device because the presence of PEDOT:PSS reduced the energy barrier between organic layer and anode, benefits the hole transport at this interface, and moves the strong optical field close to exciton dissociation region. Furthermore, the reported effect of exciton quench close to the Ag anode is eliminated by incorporating a PEDOT:PSS layer. Taking into account FF, the control device has an excellent FF of 61.66% coming from the smallest and the largest . Here, the FF is slightly affected by , as the values are all greater than 1 kΩcm²; the difference in among these devices is negligible. Notably, is affected by the conduction of anode substrate to determine FF. Hence, the control device with the excellent conductor anode shows the smallest of 0.56 Ωcm². The thinner PEDOT:PSS film performs the better bulk conduction to reduce the from 21.15 to 2.13 Ωcm², except 7000 rpm device with few defects on the PEDOT:PSS film surface. These defects hindered the carrier transport and lowered bulk conduction of the anode. Reasonably, 7000 rpm device shows the increased behavior. Hence, the spin speed of 5000 rpm is an optimal fabrication parameter for formation of buffer layer on the anode of TOPV device and provides the average PCE of 1.44% (maximum is 1.49%). It is significant that 1.38-fold PCE enhancement was obtained by inserting a PEDOT:PSS buffer layer between and organic layer.

Figure 7 depicts the EQE spectra of devices and the absorption spectrum of CuPc and C₆₀. It is clear that there are two divisions of each EQE spectrum individually mirroring the CuPc and C₆₀ absorption band. Accordingly, it can be easily understood that the thickest case, 1000 rpm device, shows the lowest EQE for the whole band. Excluding this worse case, the uniform PEDOT:PSS thin film obviously improves EQE at the CuPc band. The interface modification between CuPc and anode is responsible for observable improvement at CuPc band. Defects on the 7000 rpm PEDOT:PSS surface indicate a small degradation at CuPc band. In this study, we did not have any modifications near the cathode. The EQE peak wavelength at C₆₀ band blueshifts with decreasing PEDOT:PSS thickness, dominated by the cavity effect inside device in a manner similar to the description in Figure 4. The EQE amplitude at the C₆₀ band is affected by the optical field distribution. 5000 rpm device shows a better overall EQE spectrum, particularly for the C₆₀ band. This device exhibits the greatest PCE of all devices.

4. Conclusion

In summary, we have successfully introduced PEDOT:PSS as an anode buffer layer to enhance the work function of Ag anode and then eliminated the energy barrier between organic layer and anode, thereby preventing the anode quenching and enhancing the for TOPV device. After characterizing PEDOT:PSS layers fabricated at various spin speeds, the optimal film thickness ~30 nm with good morphological quality could be obtained at 5000 rpm. In particular, a great enhancement in was observed by assembling the TOPV device with a PEDOT:PSS buffer layer fabricated at this optimal spin parameter. The optimized device offered a 1.37-fold enhancement in PCE compared to that of OPV without a buffer layer.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge with great appreciation the financial support provided by the National Science Council (NSC), R.O.C. under Grant nos. 102-2221-E-155-047, 102-2622-E-155-008-CC3, and Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C. under Grant no. 102-E0616.

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Copyright © 2013 Tien-Lung Chiu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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