Fabrication of a Cu(InGa)Se₂ Thin Film Photovoltaic Absorber by Rapid Thermal Annealing of CuGa/In Precursors Coated with a Se Layer

Figure 5

The surface morphology of CIGS absorber films with Cu/(In+Ga) ratios of (a) 0.75, (b) 0.95, and (c) 1.15.

(a)

(b)

(c)