Abstract
The work demonstrates the improvement of color stability for white organic light-emitting diode (WOLED). The devices were prepared by vacuum deposition on ITO-glass substrates. These guest materials of 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (Rubrene) were deposited in 4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenyl vinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (DPVBi), resulting in an emitting layer. Experimental results reveal that the properties in the multiple-ultra-thin layer (MUTL) are better than those of the emitting layer with a single guest material, reaching the commercial white-light wavelength requirement of 400–700 nm. The function of the MUTL is as the light-emitting and trapping layer. The results show that the MUTL has excellent carrier capture effect, leading to high color stability of the device at various applied voltages. The Commissions Internationale De L’Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of this device at 3~7 V is few displacement and shows a very slight variation of (0.016, 0.009). The CIE coordinates at a maximal luminance of 9980 cd/m2 are (0.34, 0.33).
1. Introduction
Since Tang and Vanslyke first reported on a multilayer organic light-emitting diode (OLED), OLEDs have been widely investigated for their potential application in flat-panel displays [1]. OLED has attracted attention owing to its advantageous emission over a wide visible range and its application in flat-panel displays that are driven at low voltage [2–4]. Furthermore, the development of white organic light-emitting diode (WOLED) with high brightness and good color purity is necessary, because these devices can be employed not only as illumination light source but also as backlight source candidate for next generation flat-panel displays. However, the WOLED lighting technology has been extensively studied. To achieve white emission from OLEDs, various several methods have been tried to obtain optimal WOLEDs, for example, using two complementary colors (blue and yellow), multi-layer stack of three primary colors (red, green, and blue) and two or three colors of the dye doped into single host material [5–7]. In the co-deposition process, accurately controlling the evaporation rate and the concentration of the two or more materials is not easy, resulting in its poor performance. However, non-doped technique can accurately control to avoid the above problems in the fabrication processes.
In this work, we use nondoped method to fabricate WOLEDs with a multiple-ultra-thin layer (MUTL) structure. The 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (Rubrene) material was used as yellow light sources in MUTL structure. In addition, the quantum efficiency of the Rubrene can be close to 100% [8–11]. And then the material of 4,40-bis (2,20-diphenyl vinyl)-1,10-biphenyl (DPVBi) is well-known blue fluorescent material. However, DPVBi is not only emitting but also transfering the incomplete energy from DPVBi to the Rubrene. So far the study of fluorescence WOLED (FWOLED) based on the non-doped multiple-ultra-thin layer (MUTL) has not yet been established. Therefore, this paper concerns a simple process for the non-doped FWOLEDs with a MUTL structure, ensuring that the improvement of FWOLEDs performance was highly efficient due to the good capture efficiency of charge carrier for the guest material. Besides, a detailed investigation of the transmission mechanism for the MUTL structure on the electroluminescence (EL) and the color stability of FWOLEDs is presented.
2. Experimental
Figure 1 shows the chemical structures of organic materials and the structures of the device that are used in this study. Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass with a sheet resistance of approximately 15 Ω/sq was consecutively cleaned in ultrasonic bath containing detergent water, acetone, ethanol and deionized (DI) water for 20 min each and then dried with a nitrogen (N2) flow. All organic layers were sequentially evaporated onto the ITO coated-glass substrate at high-vacuum (1 10−6 Torr) thermal evaporation. Thermal deposition rates for organic materials, inorganic materials, and Al were about 1 Å/sec, 1 Å/sec, and 10 Å/sec, respectively. The evaporation rate and thickness of the thin films were controlled using a quartz-crystal monitor system (Sigma, SID-142) in this work.
The active area of the device was 0.6 cm2. To measure the properties of the device, a voltage was applied by using a Keithley 2400 programmable voltage-current source (Keithley SourceMeter 2400, USA). EL spectra and Commissions Internationale De L’Eclairage (CIE) coordination of the devices were measured by PR655 spectra scan spectrometer (Kollmorgen Instrument PR655, USA). All measurements were made at room temperature without encapsulating the devices.
3. Results and Discussion
In order to fabricate WOLED, we first attempted to obtain the optimizing thicknesses of Rubrene. Generally, yellow light is required as one of the two-color complementary to obtain white light. The structure of the device in energy band diagrams of the multilayer for WOLEDs is shown in Figure 1. The thicknesses of Rubrene layer change from 0.1 to 0.3 nm at fixing other organic layers. Figure 2 shows the current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of the devices with various thicknesses of Rubrene layer. The current density of the devices at 14 V, whose thicknesses of Rubrene layer are 0.1~0.3 nm are 59.6, 65.1 and 58.5 mA/cm2, respectively. It can be observed that the device whose thickness of Rubrene layer is 0.2 nm has the best J-V characteristics as compared with other devices. Figure 3 shows the luminance-voltage (L-V) curves of the devices with various thicknesses of Rubrene layer. The maximum luminance of devices is 1476, 1806, and 1566 cd/m2, respectively. The maximum luminance is 1806 cd/m2 at 14 V and the CIE coordinate is (0.270, 0.286) when Rubrene layer is 0.2 nm. Besides, the luminance of the device with Rubrene layer of 0.2 nm is higher than other devices at the same voltage. The phenomenon tells us that proper thickness of Rubrene layer results in better luminance for WOLED. The device with Rubrene layer of 0.2 nm is ideal because of the best luminance in other devices at the same applying voltage. However, the device with proper thickness of Rubrene layer can produce a high luminance. Figure 4 shows normalized electroluminescence spectra of the devices at 14 V with various thicknesses of Rubrene layer at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 nm, respectively. It is well known that the peak wavelengths of the DPVBi layer and the Rubrene layer were 436 nm and 556 nm, respectively [12, 13]. It can be observed that light emission of three devices is composed of yellow light emission and blue light emission. In addition, it can be found that the devices whose thicknesses of Rubrene layer are 0.1 and 0.3 nm all have an EL peak without the balances of blue and yellow emission intensity. The device with Rubrene layer of 0.2 nm has a CIE coordinate of (0.270, 0.286) which lies in about the blue color zone. However, the device with 0.2 nm Rubrene layer at 14 V has better luminance of 1806 cd/m2. In this study, the white light emission of device consists of the blue emission layer and the yellow emission layer. The yellow emission of the device was caused by the Rubrene layer, which was inserted in the light-emitting layer of DPVBi to form the structure of DPVBi (10 nm EML1)/Rubrene (0.2 nm)/DPVBi (30 nm EML2). If the intensity of blue emission was higher than that of the yellow emission, then the CIE coordinates of the device were unstable. This is due to the fact that the Rubtene layer in the device cannot trap enough electrons and holes to generate exciton. Therefore, optimum complementary color of the blue and the yellow emission intensity was not achieved. According to the results obtained above, the best recombination zone was in the EML2 of the device. To achieve an objective of the optimal color stability, three structures of devices, as shown in Figure 5, are promoted and fabricated as follows.(a)ITO/Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3; 15 nm)/N,N0-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N0-biphenyl-1,10-biphenyl-4,40-diamine (NPB; 40 nm)/DPVBi (10 nm)/Rubrene (0.2 nm)/DPVBi (30 nm)/4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline: cesium carbonate (BPhen : Cs2Co3 = 4 : 1; 10 nm)/Aluminum (Al; 120 nm).(b)ITO/MoO3 (15 nm)/NPB (40 nm)/DPVBi (34 nm)/Rubrene (0.2 nm)/DPVBi (6 nm)/BPhen : Cs2Co3 = 4 : 1 (10 nm)/Al (120 nm).(c)ITO/MoO3 (15 nm)/NPB (40 nm)/DPVBi (10 nm)/Rubrene (0.2 nm)/DPVBi (24 nm)/Rubrene (0.2 nm)/DPVBi (6 nm)/BPhen : Cs2Co3 = 4 : 1 (10 nm)/Al (120 nm).
The current density-voltage-luminance characteristics of devices A~C are shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b). The maximum current density of devices A, B, and C is 203 mA/cm2, 298 mA/cm2 and 355 mA/cm2 at 7 V, respectively. It can be seen that current density of device C exceeds the other two devices at the same voltage. This is the reason why device C has larger luminance. The maximum luminance of the devices A–C is 6010 cd/m2, 7768 cd/m2, and 9980 cd/m2, respectively. It can be explained that the holes were accumulated at the Rubrene/EML3 interface and that the electrons were accumulated at the BPhen : Cs2Co3 layer, indicating that the electric field can be formed in EML3. The electric field is favorable for electron injection into the emission layer. However, it is expected that the holes were trapped and confined in the Rubrene/EML3 interface and electron injection thus enhanced, resulting that an improved carrier balance was achieved.
(a)
(b)
EL spectra and CIE coordinates during the applied voltage of 3~7 V are shown in Figure 7. It can be found that there is a balance or complementary color between blue emission and yellow emission, as shown in Figure 7(a). Besides, a pure white light emission with CIE coordinates of (0.331, 0.332) is observed at the applied voltage of 5 V. When the applied voltage increases from 6 V to 7 V, the CIE coordinates were, respectively, (0.341, 0.332) and (0.346, 0.339), and showed a little change. This is owing to the fact that the intensity for the ratio of blue and yellow emission from EL spectra of Figure 7(a) is almost the same and about unit. Furthermore, this improvement in chromaticity can be attributed to the MUTL structure of the emission layer, resulting in a balance in the relative intensity of blue and yellow emission. Thus, by introducing a MUTL structure in the emission layer, the WOLED has more stable spectra characteristics than that of devices A and B with the increase of bias voltage. This is due to the reason that the injection of holes and electrons was enhanced by the MUTL structure and that the MUTL structure can enhance charge carrier trapping in the EML1/Rubrene, EML2/Rubrene and Rubrene/EML3 interfaces. And then the enhanced carrier injection was because of electric fields induced by the accumulated carrier between interfaces of the MUTL. This result is similar to the result discussed in other literature [14–17]. In other words, the excitons formed from electrons and holes can widely distribute in the entire emission layer. As is expected, the excitons of Rubrene and DPVBi layers will increase and reach balance, indicating that the MUTL can enhance color stability of CIE coordinates and chromaticity of pure white emission. However, the displacement of the CIE coordinates during the applied voltage of 3~7 V is almost null.
(a)
(b)
All the above data, can be summarized in Table 1. From Table 1, it is found that the MUTL structure can enhance color stability of CIE coordinates and chromaticity of pure white emission. Furthermore, these results show that a high luminance can be achieved with improved carrier balance in the emission zone. Besides, the operating voltage of device C is lower than that of other devices due to the presence of the MUTL structure, resulting in more electron injection and balance.
4. Conclusions
In summary, white light emission was achieved by inserting the MUTL structure in the emission layer of WOLED. Experimental results reveal that the properties in the multiple-ultra-thin layer (MUTL) are better than those of the emitting layer with a single guest material. The carrier trapping of the MUTL structure can more effectively confine electrons and holes in the emission layer. Consequently, the excitons of Rubrene and DPVBi layers will increase and reach balance; that is, there is a balance or complementary color in blue emission and yellow emission, resulting in good color stability characteristics of WOLED at various applied voltages. A pure white emission CIE coordinates of (0.331, 0.332) can be obtained and show a little change at the applied voltage of 3~7 V. It is demonstrated that EL emission is less dependent on the applied voltage. Thus, the carrier recombination zone must be properly controlled by limiting the exciton zone to prevent the mixing of colors. However, device with a MUTL structure increased carrier tapping probability to improve carrier recombination and luminous efficiency.
Acknowledgment
This work was partially supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China under Contract no. NSC 102-2221-E-390-019-MY2.