A Facile Synthesis of Granular ZnO Nanostructures for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Scheme 1
Schematic illustration of the possible relaxation pathways of photoexcited electron in pure Z1, Z2, and Z3 (upper panel) and Z1, Z2, and Z3 photoelectrodes with energy levels of surface states or traps, dye, and electrolyte in DSSCs (lower panel). RR0 and RR1 and are the instant radiative recombination of excitons (RR0), radiative recombination of electron with holes by tunneling through these defect levels (RR1), and the Fermi energy of FTO. The shaded region in the lower panel shows the exponential distribution of the surface states.
