Functionalized Activated Carbon Derived from Biomass for Photocatalysis Applications Perspective
Table 2
Catalytic approach on conversion of cellulose to carbon based materials.
Categories
Types
Advantages
Homogeneous
Ionic liquidā (e.g.: [BMIM]Cl; [EMIM]Cl and [EMIM]BF4)
(i) Low melting point (ii) Appears as crystal in normal condition (iii) Acts as template on production of porous carbon structure (iv) Solvent reaction media (v) High yield of carbon production
(i) High catalyst selectivity (ii) Good separation process (iii) High promotion on depolymerization of cellulose (iv) Low formation of soluble oligomer (v) Low cellulose self-hydrolysis (vi) Favors direct formation of lactic acid (vii) High stability
(i) High selectivity to adsorb molecules (ii) Good separation process (iii) Good thermal and hydrothermal stabilities (iv) Production of porous carbon
Heterogeneous
Metal ions (e.g.: Cr3+; Mn2+; Fe3+; Fe2+; Co2+)
(i) Good catalyst for ring opening and hydrogenation cellulose (ii) Require short reaction time (iii) High yield of glucose (iv) High turnover amount of catalyst (v) High activity and selectivity (vi) Good recyclability (vii) Easily separable
Heterogeneous
Metal oxide (e.g.: HnbM0O6; Al2O3)
(i) Green process (ii) Nonvolatility (iii) Highly stable (iv) Nontoxic (v) Reusability (vi) Low cost