Abstract
Free radicals formed by UV irradiation of the two magistral formulas applied on the skin, salicylic acid and urea, were examined by X-band (9.3 GHz) EPR spectroscopy. The influence of the time of UVA (315–400 nm) irradiation on free radical properties and concentrations in the drug samples was determined. The nonirradiated magistral formula did not contain free radicals. Amplitudes () and linewidths () of EPR spectra were analysed. Fast spin-lattice relaxation process existed in the tested drugs. UV irradiation did not change spin-lattice interactions in the tested magistral formula. Concentrations of free radicals formed by UV irradiation in salicylic acid and urea were ~1017–1018 spins/g. The strongest formation of free radicals under UV irradiation was observed for salicylic acid than for urea. Free radical concentration in salicylic acid increased with the increase of UV irradiation time from 15 minutes to 30 minutes, and after its value remained unchanged. The increase of free radical concentration in urea with UV irradiation time was stated. Salicylic acid is characterized with higher photosensitivity than urea. Salicylic acid, urea, and the skin treated by them should not be stored on UV exposure. The usefulness of EPR spectroscopy to optimize storage conditions of recipe drugs was conformed.
1. Introduction
Free radicals formed by UV irradiation in magistral formula, salicylic acid and urea, were examined.
Salicylic acid was applied in the formulation of pharmacy [1]. Salicylic acid is a well-established keratolytic and anti-inflammatory [1–4]. Salicylic acid was used in concentrations of 0.5–60% in almost any base, including ointment, liquid, cream, or plaster, for the treatment of acne, psoriasis, warts, ichthyosis, and other hyperkeratotic disorders [1, 2].
Urea was applied in the formulation of pharmacy [1, 5, 6]. Urea is used for proteolytic, keratolytic, hydrating, hygroscopic, penetration-enhancing, epidermis-thinning, and antipruritic effect [1, 6]. Urea was used in concentrations of 10–40% in formulations like a base, ointment, cream, and liquid [4]. An increased water-binding capacity could be shown with water-in-oil emulsions containing 10% urea [1, 5, 6]. An increased hydration comparing 10% urea with 5% urea was not detectable in oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions [1, 5, 6]. This indicates that 5% urea is sufficient for a good hydration effect [1, 5, 6].
Chemical structures of salicylic acid and urea were shown in Figures 1(a) and 1(b) [7], respectively.
(a)
(b)
Free radicals in drugs may be formed by thermal factor [8, 9] and UV irradiation [10, 11]. The aim of this work was to check free radical formation by UV irradiation in salicylic acid and urea. Free radical problem was important for storage of these drugs as well as for their interaction in tissues.
2. Experimental Method
2.1. Samples
Nonirradiated and UV irradiated salicylic acid and urea samples were examined. The magistral formula was exposed to UVA irradiation with wavelengths () in the range of 315–400 nm during different times. The following times of irradiation, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, were used. The UV irradiation was performed by the use of Medisun 250 lamp (Germany) with 4 radiators with power of 20 W. The distance of the samples from the lamp was 30 cm.
2.2. EPR Measurements
For EPR measurements the magistral formula drugs were located in thin walled glass tubes without paramagnetic impurities. The external diameter of these tubes was 3 mm. The mass of the samples in the tubes was determined by the use weight of Sartorius Firm (Germany).
Free radicals in the samples were examined by the X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer of Radiopan Firm (Poznań, Poland) with klystron produced microwaves of 9.3 GHz frequency. Magnetic modulation was 100 kHz. Microwave frequency was measured by MCM101 recorder of EPRAD Firm (Poznań, Poland). EPR spectra were obtained by the system of numerical data acquisition, the Rapid Scan Unit of Jagmar Firm (Kraków, Poland) linked with the EPR spectrometer. The acquisition time of the individual EPR line was 1 second. The EPR spectra were measured in the range of microwave power of 2.2–70 mW.
Amplitudes () and linewidths () of the EPR spectra were analysed. The effect of microwave power on the spectra was determined. -factor was obtained as [12] , where is Planck constant, is microwave frequency, is Bohr magneton, and is induction of resonance magnetic field.
Free radical concentrations () in the UV irradiated drugs were determined by the use of ultramarine as the reference. The EPR spectra of the tested samples were compared with the resonance lines of ultramarine. The ruby crystal permanently placed in the resonance cavity was also used. To avoid microwave saturation effect the spectra of the samples and the references were measured with the low microwave power of 2.2 mW. Free radical concentrations () were calculated according to the formula [12, 13]: , where is the number of paramagnetic centers in the reference, ultramarine; , are the receiver gains for the tested samples and the ultramarine; , are the amplitudes of ruby signal for the tested samples and the ultramarine; , are the integral intensities for the tested samples and ultramarine; is the mass of the sample. The integral intensities () of the EPR lines were obtained from double integration of the first-derivative curves.
The professional spectroscopic programs of Jagmar Firm (Kraków, Poland) and LabVIEW 8.5 of National Instruments Firm (Texas, USA) were used to measure and analyse the EPR spectra. The Origin of OriginLab Firm (USA) and Excel 2010 of Microsoft Firm (USA) programs were used.
3. Results and Discussion
EPR signals were not detected for nonirradiated salicylic acid and urea. Unpaired electrons were not in their chemical structure (Figure 1) [7]. The tested original drugs were diamagnetic and they did not absorb microwave in the magnetic field. The EPR spectra appeared after UV irradiation of these drugs independent of time of irradiation. The samples became paramagnetic and contained unpaired electrons. The EPR lines had the values near 2, which was characteristic for free radicals. The exemplary EPR spectra of salicylic acid and urea after UV irradiation during 60 minutes were presented in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), respectively. It was seen that the EPR signals were low, which corresponded in the low free radicals formation in the samples. The low contents of unpaired electrons resulted in the low absorption of microwaves by the samples located in the resonance cavity. The low values of amplitudes (), the basic parameters of the EPR spectra, were obtained.
(a)
(b)
The parameters of the EPR spectra of salicylic acid and urea after UV irradiation during different times were compared in Figures 3(a), 3(b), 4(a), and 4(b), respectively. In Figures 3(a) and 4(a) amplitudes () were shown, and in Figures 3(b) and 4(b) linewidths () were presented, for the UV irradiated samples by 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Amplitudes () (Figure 3(a)) and linewidths () (Figure 3(b)) of EPR spectra of UV irradiated salicylic acid sharply increased for the sample irradiated during 30 minutes relative to the sample irradiated during 15 minutes. Only the weak changes of amplitudes () (Figure 3(a)) and linewidths () (Figure 3(b)) were observed with increasing the time of UV irradiation of salicylic acid. The results in Figures 3(a) and 3(b) indicated that UV irradiation caused changes in free radicals in salicylic acid during the first phase of irradiation (up to 15 minutes) and after the free radical effects were stabilized. However the changes in free radical system in urea existed during the whole time of UV irradiation. Amplitudes () and linewidths () of EPR spectra of urea increased with increasing of UV irradiation time (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). The increase of amplitudes () (Figure 4(a)) corresponded to the increase of the amount of free radicals in the samples. The distances between free radicals decreased, then, as a result their dipolar interactions increased, and the lines broadened.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
The parameters of the EPR spectra of the tested drugs depended on microwave power. The changes of amplitudes () of EPR spectra of salicylic acid and urea with microwave power () for the UV irradiated samples during 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes were shown in Figures 5(a)–5(d) and 6(a)–6(d), respectively. The changes of linewidths () of EPR spectra of salicylic acid and urea with microwave power () for the UV irradiated samples during 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes were shown in Figures 7(a)–7(d) and 8(a)–8(d), respectively. Amplitudes () of all the measured EPR lines increased with increasing of microwave power (Figures 5 and 6). The EPR lines were not saturated in the used range of microwave power (up to 70 mW). Such correlations were characteristic for the fast spin-lattice relaxation in the samples. After microwave excitation unpaired electrons fast returned to the lower energy levels. The inversion of location of unpaired electrons did not appear in the used range of microwave power. Linewidths () of EPR lines of UV irradiated salicylic acid and urea increased with increasing of microwave power (Figures 7 and 8). The increase of EPR spectra with increase of microwave power was characteristic for homogeneous broadened lines [12]. The homogeneous broadened EPR lines were also found by us earlier for UV irradiated dehydrocholic acid [10] and ursodeoxycholic acid [10].
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The influence of UV irradiation time on free radical concentrations () in salicylic acid and urea was presented in Figures 9(a) and 9(b), respectively. Free radical concentration in UV irradiated salicylic acid was ~1018 spins/g (Figure 9(a)). The sharp increase of free radical concentration () was observed for the salicylic acid sample irradiated during 30 minutes relative to the sample irradiated during 15 minutes. The prolongation of UV irradiation time to 45 and 60 minutes did not increase the free radical concentration in salicylic acid. The free radical effects were not developed during time after 30 minutes of irradiation. The other correlation was observed in urea (Figure 9(b)). Free radical concentration increased with time of UV irradiation of urea. The formation of free radicals in urea was observed during the whole time of UV irradiation. The free radical concentration () in UV irradiated salicylic acid (Figure 9(a)) was higher than in urea (Figure 9(b)). The formation of free radicals under UV irradiation (Figure 9) indicated that salicylic acid and urea should be stored in the dark. The therapy by salicylic acid and urea exposed to UV irradiation may be accompanied by free radical reactions. Free radicals as the active molecules with unpaired electrons may be responsible for destruction of the skin and tissues [14, 15].
(a)
(b)
Application of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is recommended for test of the photosensitivity of the drug samples on UV irradiation. This method directly brings to light information about concentration and properties of free radicals in the samples [12–14]. The important information about storage conditions of drugs may be obtained.
4. Conclusions
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the UV irradiated magistral formula pointed out the following conclusions:(1)UV irradiation formed free radicals (~1018 spins/g) in salicylic acid and urea, which revealed EPR spectra. The stronger photosensitivity and the higher free radical effect were observed for salicylic acid than for urea. The free radical concentration in UV irradiated salicylic acid ( spins/g) was higher than in urea ( spins/g).(2)Free radical formation in urea increased with increasing of UV irradiation time, while free radical concentration in salicylic acid stabilized after 30 minutes of UV irradiation.(3)Fast spin-lattice relaxation existed in UV irradiated salicylic acid and urea.(4)Free radicals formed by UV irradiation may interact with skin during therapy.(5)Because of free radicals production via photolysis salicylic acid and urea should not be stored under UV irradiation.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. They have no conflict of interests or no financial gains in mentioning the company names or trademarks. As the authors of the paper, they do not have any financial relation with the commercial identity mentioned in their paper.
Acknowledgment
This study was financially supported by Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Grant no. KNW-2-007/N/5/K.