Postnatal Acute Famine and Risk of Overweight: The Dutch Hungerwinter Study
Table 2
BMI: means, (un)adjusted differences, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for women of all ages combined and within each of the three exposure age categories: 0–9 years, 10–17 years, and ≥18 years who reported to be moderately or severely exposed to famine compared to those who reported to be unexposed to famine.
Number of subjects
Mean (SD)
Crude model
Multivariable model 1
Multivariable model 2
Mean difference†
95% CI
Mean difference†
95% CI
Mean difference†
95% CI
All ages
Unexposed
3.672
26.0 (4.0)
reference
—
reference
—
reference
—
Moderately exposed
3.074
26.3 (4.0)
0.28
0.09 to 0.48
0.29
0.10 to 0.48
0.34
0.14 to 0.55
Severely exposed
1.335
26.3 (4.2)
0.32
0.07 to 0.57
0.21
−0.05 to 0.46
0.25
−0.02 to 0.52
P for trend
0.002
0.02
0.009
Age at famine categories
0 to 9 years
Unexposed
2.147
25.6 (3.9)
reference
—
reference
—
reference
—
Moderately exposed
1.609
25.9 (4.0)
0.25
−0.00 to 0.51
0.33
0.07 to 0.59
0.37
0.10 to 0.64
Severely exposed
664
26.2 (4.3)
0.60
0.25 to 0.95
0.48
0.13 to 0.83
0.44
0.07 to 0.82
P for trend
<0.001
0.002
0.004
10 to 17 years
Unexposed
1.343
26.5 (4.0)
reference
—
reference
—
reference
—
Moderately exposed
1.246
26.7 (4.0)
0.18
−0.13 to 0.49
0.23
−0.08 to 0.54
0.31
−0.02 to 0.64
Severely exposed
585
26.4 (4.0)
−0.18
−0.57 to 0.20
−0.12
−0.51 to 0.27
−0.02
−0.44 to 0.40
P for trend
0.63
0.91
0.64
≥18 years
Unexposed
182
26.9 (4.3)
reference
—
reference
—
reference
—
Moderately exposed
219
27.1 (4.5)
0.18
−0.67 to 1.03
0.49
−0.38 to 1.36
0.41
−0.52 to 1.34
Severely exposed
86
27.1 (3.8)
0.25
−0.86 to 1.35
0.44
−0.67 to 1.56
0.75
−0.42 to 1.93
P for trend
0.63
0.34
0.19
†Mean difference as compared to those who reported to be unexposed to famine. for interaction age at famine * famine exposure: 0.02. Multivariable model 1: adjusted for age at start of the famine (October 1, 1944), smoking (pack years), alcohol intake (g/day), and level of education (3 categories: low, intermediate, and high). Multivariable model 2: adjusted for age at start of the famine (October 1, 1944), smoking (pack years), alcohol intake (g/day), level of education (3 categories: low, intermediate, and high), and total energy intake (kcal), among the subgroup of women with reliable energy intake according to Goldberg’s equation.