Review Article

Impact of Congenital Heart Disease on Brain Development and Neurodevelopmental Outcome

Table 2

Reported long-term cognitive outcomes for patients with congenital heart disease.

DiagnosisReferenceNumber of PatientsMean age at assessment (range)Cohort prospectively identifiedSurgical eraFull scale IQ
(mean ± SD) or
median (range)

CHD-mixedClarkson, 1980 [89] 724y (2.4–7y)No1969–7193 ± 16
Forbess, 2002 [87]2435 yNo1993–200097 ± 16
Miatton, 2007 [75]438yNo1995–9996 ± 15
TGAClarkson, 1980 [89]224y (2.4–7y)No1969–7190 ± 18
Newberger, 1984 [74]335.8y (5.5–6.3y)No1968–72102 ± 15
Hesz, 1988 [84]10(6.5–14y)No1967–8492 ± 12
Oates, 1995 [73]30(9–10y)No1972–82100 ± 17
Ellerbeck, 1998 [88]548yNo1981–9090 ± 21
Hovels-Gurich, 1997 [82]
2001 [94]
77
60
5 y (3–9y)
10y (8–14y)
Yes1986–9299 ± 14
99 ± 17
Bellinger, 1999 [91]
2003 [5]
158
155
4y
8y (7–10y)
Yes
(Boston CA)
1988–9293+17
97+15
Karl, 2004 [81]749y (4–14y)No1988–94102 ± 13
Brosig, 2007 [90]13(3.5–6y)No1996–99110 (90-126)
Clarkson, 1980 [89]174y (2.4–7y)No1969–7188 ± 14
TOFOates, 1995 [73]51(9–10y)No1972–82100 ± 17
Hovels-Gurich, 2006 [83]207y (5–12y)Yes1993–9991 ± 13
Miatton, 2007 [76]188yNo1994–9995 ± 14
Clarkson, 1980 [89]164y (2.4–7y)No1969–7193 ± 15
TGA/TOFWright, 1994 [70]299.5y (7–12y)No1979–8494 ± 15
VSDOates, 1995 [73]33(9–10y)No1972–82102 ± 12
Hovels-Gurich, 2006 [83]207y (5–12y)Yes1993–9993 ± 12
SVWernovsky, 2000 [71]12811y (3.7-41y)No1973–9196 ± 17
Uzark, 1998 [72]322.5y (1.5–9.5y)No1986–9498 ± 12
Goldberg, 2000 [85]515y (2.8–8y)No1989–96101 ± 5
Forbess, 2002 [87]345 yNo1993–200090 ± 16
HLHSKern, 1998 [80]124y (3–6y)No1990–9680 ± 14
Goldberg, 2000 [85]265y (2.8–8y)No1989–9694 ± 7
Mahle, 2000 [78]289y (6–13.6y)No1984–9186 (50–116)
Mahle, 2006 [77]4812y (8–17y)No1986–9486 ± 14
Brosig, 2007 [90]13(3.5–6y)No1996–9997 (71–112)