Exercise Testing and Prescription in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease

Table 3

Recommendations for competitive sport participation.

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The following congenital heart defects can participate in all sports without restrictions

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ASD (closed or small unoperated) and patent foramen ovale (Except Scuba diving in PFO)

VSD (closed or small unoperated)

AVSD (Only mild AV insufficiency; no significant subaortic stenosis or arrhythmia)

Partial or complete anomalous pulmonary venous connection (No significant pulmonary or systemic venous obstruction, no pulmonary

hypertension or exercise-induced arrhythmia)

Persistent ductus arteriosus (operated) (6 months post closure and no residual pulmonary hypertension)

Mild pulmonary stenosis (normal RV, normal ECG)

Mild aortic stenosis (With the exception of high static, high dynamic) (Mean gradient <21 mmHg; no history of arrhythmias, no dizziness,

syncope, or angina pectoris)

Transposition of the great arteries after arterial switch (With the exception of high static, high dynamic) (No or only mild neo-aortic

insufficiency; no significant pulmonary stenosis; no signs of ischemia or arrhythmia on exercise ECG)

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Modified from Pelliccia et al. [13].