Effects of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis on Kinematics and Kinetics of the Lower Extremities Call for Consequences in Physical Activities Recommendations

Figure 5

Results of CG (arithmetic mean & SD (- - -)) and JIA-P (arithmetic mean & SD (—)) in time normalized (%) gait cycle in ankle and plantar angle. (a) In ankle (dorsal/plantar flexion), 𝐴₁ (initial contact), 𝐴₂ (min. value of dorsal flexion in loading response), 𝐴₃ (max. dorsal flexion in stance phase), and 𝐴₄ (max. plantar flexion while push off or swing) were used for statistical analyses. (b) The plantar angle is the negative angle between the vertical to the ground and the foot longitudinal axis. (c) In plantar angle, PA₁ (initial contact), PA₂ (peak in swing phase), and the percentage of time while the foot is flat on the ground (−90^∘ (±2^∘)) were of interest.

(a)

(b)

(c)