Aquatic Exercise Programs for Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?

Table 3

Summary of outcomes measures used in the selected studies according to ICF-CY domain (clinically significant changes in bold).

Study
First author	Fragala-Pinkham	Thorpe	Fragala-Pinkham	Retarekar	Ballaz	Kelly
Year	2008	2005	2009	2009	2010	2009
Reference no.	[7]	[9]	[10]	[11]	[17]	[18]
Outcome
Body function	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Muscle strength	EEI; Muscle strength,; gait velocity	EEI,; muscle strength; (MMT, HHD),; ROM,; pain scale	Modified EEI	EEI,; Muscle strength; (knee); Gait	EEI; PedsQL-FS
Activities	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Half-mile walk/run, modified curl-ups,; FTS; 3-meter test,; Mobility-PEDI	GMFM-88 (Dimension E); TUG; GMFM-; (Dimension D); FRT	GMFM-66; PEDI; FRT; Timed SLS; FTS; OGS; COPM	GMFM-66; 6MWT; PAQ	GMFM-88; (Dimension D & E)	COPM
Participation		Yes		Yes
		SPS for children and the SPS for Adolescents		COPM

COPM: Canadian occupational performance measure, EEI: energy expenditure index, FRT: functional reach test, FTS: floor to stand, GMFM: gross motor function measure, HHD: hand-held dynamometer, MMT: manual muscle testing, OGS: observational gait scale, PAQ: physical activity questionnaire, PEDI: pediatric evaluation of disability inventory, PedsQL-FS: pediatric quality of life multidimensional fatigue scale, ROM: range of motion, SLS: single limb stance, SPS: self-perception scale, TUG: timed up and go test, 6MWT: 6-minute walk test.