Perinatal Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Preschool-Age Children in the United States: An Analysis of 1999–2008 NHANES Data

Table 4

Elevated cardiovascular disease risk factors among US 3-to-6-year-olds by ethnicity and infant nutrition practices, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2008.

	Hispanic		Non-Hispanic Black		Non-Hispanic White
Perinatal factor	Odds ratio; (95% CI)	𝑃-value	Odds ratio; (95% CI)	𝑃-value	Odds ratio; (95% CI)	𝑃 value
Breastfed (Y/N)
BMI ≥ 85th %ile for age, sex	1.14 (0.82–1.57)	0.43	0.84 (0.58–1.22)	0.37	0.61 (0.42–0.87)	0.01
BMI ≥ 95th %ile for age, sex	0.96 (0.65–1.41)	0.83	0.82 (0.53–1.28)	0.39	0.43 (0.27–0.69)	<0.001
Waist circumference^1	1.33 (0.91–1.93)	0.14	0.71 (0.44–1.14)	0.16	0.58 (0.37–0.92)	0.02
C-reactive protein^1	0.78 (0.53–1.16)	0.22	1.24 (0.84–1.82)	0.28	0.76 (0.52–1.13)	0.18
Total cholesterol^1	1.45 (0.83–2.55)	0.19	0.62 (0.33–1.15)	0.13	0.92 (0.49–1.70)	0.78
HDL cholesterol^2	0.98 (0.63–1.52)	0.93	0.87 (0.41–1.85)	0.73	0.48 (0.23–1.04)	0.06
Non-HDL cholesterol^1	1.23 (0.70–2.14)	0.48	0.56 (0.32–0.98)	0.04	1.10 (0.60–2.02)	0.76
LDL cholesterol^1	1.90 (1.01–3.55)	0.05	0.74 (0.30–1.86)	0.53	1.89 (0.52–6.83)	0.33
Triglycerides^1	2.01 (0.71–5.71)	0.19	1.24 (0.56–2.74)	0.59	1.40 (0.47–4.19)	0.54
Solids < 6 months (Y/N)
BMI ≥ 85th %ile for age, sex	1.06 (0.77–1.46)	0.72	1.13 (0.81–1.56)	0.47	1.17 (0.82–1.68)	0.38
BMI ≥ 95th %ile for age, sex	0.85 (0.61–1.20)	0.36	1.03 (0.68–1.56)	0.90	1.28 (0.82–1.99)	0.28
Waist circumference^1	0.90 (0.60–1.35)	0.61	1.05 (0.75–1.45)	0.79	1.38 (0.96–1.98)	0.09
C-reactive protein^1	0.79 (0.50–1.23)	0.29	0.80 (0.57–1.12)	0.20	1.50 (0.99–2.26)	0.06
Total cholesterol^1	1.08 (0.59–1.98)	0.80	1.07 (0.58–1.99)	0.83	1.39 (0.76–2.54)	0.29
HDL cholesterol^2	0.79 (0.45–1.37)	0.41	0.93 (0.52–1.69)	0.82	0.67 (0.38–1.16)	0.15
Non-HDL cholesterol^1	0.85 (0.48–1.50)	0.57	1.60 (0.91–2.81)	0.10	1.34 (0.80–2.23)	0.27
LDL cholesterol^1	0.33 (0.12–0.94)	0.04	1.47 (0.74–2.90)	0.27	0.87 (0.36–2.08)	0.75
Triglycerides^1	0.71 (0.26–1.92)	0.50	0.80 (0.30–2.09)	0.64	0.90 (0.30–2.69)	0.85

¹Highest quintile
²Lowest quintile