Prematurity-Related Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

Table 1

Selected clinical trials comparing BP values in different groups of children.

Study	Patients’ age	Study population	Control group	Main conclusions
Pharoah et al. [17], United Kingdom, 1998	15 years	128 VLBW	128 NBW	The systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in cases than in controls. The diastolic pressure was also higher but the difference was not significant.
Kistner et al. [18], Sweden, 2000	26 years	33 (15 gestational week <32; 18 birth weight ≤2600 g)	17 NBW	Preterms had significantly higher casual systolic and mean arterial blood pressure levels compared to controls.
Doyle et al. [19], Australia, 2003	18 years	156 VLBW	38 NBW	BP was significantly higher in late adolescence in VLBW survivors than in NBW subjects. Growth restriction in utero was not significantly related to BP in VLBW survivors.
Hack et al. [20], United States, 2005	20 years	195 VLBW	208 NBW	VLBW individuals had a higher mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) than normal birth weight (NBW) control individuals (114 +/− 11 versus 112 +/− 13 mm Hg; 𝑃=0.047). DBP did not differ between groups. The rates of hypertension did not differ significantly between the groups.
Keijzer-Veen et al. [9], Netherlands, 2005	19 years	588 (418 gestational week <32; 170 gestational week ≥32 and birth weight <1500 g)	—	The prevalence of hypertension is higher in individuals who were born preterm when compared with the general population. Birth weight SDS and gestational age both did not affect the risk for hypertension.
Rodriguez-Soriano et al. [10], Spain, 2005	6–12 years	40 ELBW	43 NBW	Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures did not differ between cases and controls.
Shankaran et al. [11], United States, 2006	6 years	144 with IUGR	372 full-term	In term infants IUGR was linked to risk of hypertension in early childhood. Relative risk compared to control group was 1,8.
Bayrakci et al. [12], Turkey, 2007	5–17 years	41 preterms (<37 weeks of gestation)	27 full-term	There is an inverse correlation between high nighttime SBP SDS and birth weight. Lightness for date was discovered as a major predictor of both nocturnal and daytime SBP SDS. Nocturnal SBP SDS was closely correlated with 24 h HR SDS. 24 h HR SDS was elevated in nondippers. Preterms have increased nocturnal SBP resulting in greater frequency of nondippers.
Pyhälä et al. [21], Finland, 2009	23 years	44 VLBW	37 NBW	In comparison with the control group the VLBW group had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure but the group differences were not statistically significant.
Lurbe et. al [22], spain, 2009	10–18 years	114 LBW	308 NBW	Obese low birth weight subjects had the highest systolic BP values over the 24 hours, whereas the nonobese subjects in the absence of low BW had the lowest values. No interaction existed between obesity and low birth weight in the office or ambulatory systolic blood pressure.
Keijzer-Veen et al. [13], Netherlands, 2010	20 years	50 very premature individuals <32 weeks of gestation (21 SGA, 29 AGA)	30 full-term	SGA had lower weight and height than AGA.there were No differences in BMI were found. In SGA more mothers had hypertension during pregnancy. Men had significantly higher SBP and lower HR. AGA–higher daytime SBP, baseline SBP, SBP load. SGA versus AGA. There were no differences in SBP, DBP, HF, and MAP loads. Newborns born very prematurely have higher SBPs, but IUGR has no effect on it.
Hovi et al. [14], Finland, 2010	18–27 years	118 VLBW	120 NBW	Higher rates of hypertension and higher 24-hour blood pressure in VLBW group were observed.
Vohr et al. [15], United States, 2010	16 years	296 (birth weight <1250 g)	95 NBW	The primary predictors of increased systolic blood pressure were weight gain velocity between birth and 36 months, pre-eclampsia, nonwhite race, and male gender. Predictors of diastolic blood pressure were weight gain velocity between birth and 36 months, brain injury, and male gender.
Fattal-Valevski et al. [23], Israel, 2011	8–12 years	64 IUGR (mean birth weight 1780±422g; 42% preterms)	64 NBW	Systolic blood pressure values were significantly lower in the IUGR group compared to the controls. There was no difference in diastolic blood pressure values. In the IUGR group, systolic blood pressure correlated significantly with current weight and body mass index, and diastolic blood pressure with weight gain between age 2 and 4 years. None of the blood pressure values correlated with birth weight.
Kwinta et al. [16], Poland 2011	6–7 years	78 ELBW	38 NBW	Hypertension was diagnosed in 10.3% of patient with ELBW. In control group hypertension was present in 5.2% cases but the difference was not significant. Statistically significant differences within night-time mean blood pressure, night-time blood pressure dipping, and mean systolic and diastolic BP load were detected