Highlights for the Management of a Child with Proteinuria and Hematuria

Table 1

Causes of persistent proteinuria.

Persistent proteinuria
Glomerular	Tubulointerstitial
Diabetes	Acquired
Hypertension	Acute tubular necrosis
Reflux nephropathy	Toxins (gold, lead, copper, and mercury)
Primary glomerulonephropathy conditions	Pyelonephritis
Minimal change nephrotic syndrome	Interstitial nephritis (penicillins and other antibiotics, NSAIDs, and penicillamine)
Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis	Inherited
Membranous nephropathy	Proximal renal tubular acidosis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis	Cystinosis
Congenital nephrotic syndrome	Galactosemia
Secondary glomerulonephropathy conditions	Lowe syndrome
IgA nephropathy	Dents disease
Infections (Hepatitis B and C, HIV, CMV, malaria, syphilis, streptococcal)	Wilson disease
Henoch-Schönlein nephritis and systemic lupus nephritis (SLE)	Tyrosinemia
Alport syndrome
Thin basement membrane disease
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Malignancies
Toxins

Adapted from [8, 9].