A Systematic Review of the Clinimetric Properties of Habitual Physical Activity Measures in Young Children with a Motor Disability

Table 1

Characteristics of studies describing measures of habitual physical activity.

Brand	𝑛	Boys	Population			Protocol
			Mean age (range)	Children aged ≤5 years (𝑛)	Motor disorder	Reference	Setting (measurement units)	TDC	Study
								reference group
Minimod^a	17	—	10 yr 6 mo (4–16 yr)	~2	CP^1	DO	Continuous walking, structured activity lap, and stair climbing (steps and meters walked)	𝑛=19, 4–16 yr	Kuo et al.[23]
	20	—	5–16 years (−)	1	CP^2		Self-paced walking (steps and meters walked)	𝑛=20, 3–16 yr	Brandes et al. [22, 27]
AMP^b	20	13	10 yr 6 mo (4–16 yr)	~2	CP^1	DO	Continuous walking, structured activity lap, and stair climbing (steps and meters walked)	𝑛=20, 4–16 yr	Kuo et al. [23]
StepWatch^c	16	16	9 yr 2 mo (5–13 yr)	—	DMD	DO	Slow/fast self-paced walking (steps) + 3-day HR and pedometer (steps and HR)	𝑛=21, 5–13 yr	McDonald et al. [25]
	27	22	−(4–18 yr)	—	CP^3	DO	Treadmill walking at different speeds (steps)	𝑛=27, age matched	Stevens et al. [24]
	60	30	−(2-3 yr)	60	TDC	DO	Self-paced walking (steps)	n/a	Bjornson et al.
	62	31	−(4-5 yr)	62	TDC	DO	Self-paced walking (steps)	n/a	[28]
IDEEA^d	20	10	−(5–11 yr)	—	TDC	DO	Self-paced walking and running (steps)	n/a	Song et al. [29]
	21	—	−(4 yr–10 yr 1 mo)	9	CP^1	IC + HR	Series of everyday activities, walking on treadmill, climb staircase (energy expenditure kcal/min)	𝑛=7, 5 yr 8 mo–8 yr 6 mo	Aviram et al. [26]

^aMinimod, Dynaport, McRoberts BV, Hague, Netherlands; ^bAMP: Activity Monitoring Pod 331, Dynastream Innovations, Alberta, Canada; ^cStepWatch, Orthocare Innovations, WA, USA, ^dIDEEA: Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity, Minisun, CA, USA; CP: cerebral palsy; GMFCS: Gross Motor Function Classification System; DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; TDC: typically developing children; DO: direct observation; IC: indirect calorimetry; HR: heart rate monitor; ¹GMFCS I–III; ²GMFCS not specified, able to walk; ³GMFCS I–II; (—): not reported.