A Systematic Review of the Clinimetric Properties of Habitual Physical Activity Measures in Young Children with a Motor Disability

Table 2

Evidence of criterion or construct validity, reliability and utility.

Measure	Utility	Study	𝑛, age (years), disability	Criterion validity	Construct validity	Reliability
	Cost not available	Kuo et al. [23]	𝑛=17, 4–16, CP	Mean difference ± 2SD: (−3.3±2.2)–(8.9±2.5) m; (−38.7±49.1)–(−1.0±1.7) steps; rate of activity detection: 19–97%	n/a	n/a
	Calibration and analysis software		𝑛=19, 4–16, TDC	Mean difference ± 2SD (−0.6±5.2)–(7.5±2.8) m; (−57.4±67)–(−1.0±2.0) steps; rate of activity detection for stair ascent and descent 84–100%
Minimod	Rich data collection			Agreementsteps=98.9% (range: 94.1–101.8%)
		Brandes et al. [22, 27]	𝑛=19, 5–16, CP	Agreementdistance=101% (range not reported)
	Feasible HPA measure			Agreementsteps=99.6±0.6% (range: 98.5–101.5%)	n/a	n/a
			𝑛=20, 3–16, TDC	Agreementdistance=100.6±3.3% (range: 93–106.7%)
				Agreementtime=101.3±2.8% (range: 94.5–106.6%)
AMP	Cost not available; No calibration; Analysis software	Kuo et al. [23]	𝑛=20, 4–16, CP	Mean difference ± 2SD (−4.8±15.3)–(1.3±2.5) m; (−11.2±28.8)–(−3.5–13.4) steps; rate of activity detection 85–95%	n/a	n/a
	Only total steps and meters walked; Feasible HPA measure		𝑛=20, 4–16, TDC	Mean difference ± 2SD (−2.5±7.1)–(0.7±1.0) m; (−4.4±14.5)–(−1.3±1.6) steps; rate of activity detection: 92–100%
	Expensive (unit: $500, software: $1500)	McDonald et al. [25]	𝑛=16, 5–13, DMD	Authors state “no difference between observed and measured”; no statistical measure reported	𝑟=0.295,; 𝑃<0.05
			𝑛=20, 5–13, TDC		𝑟=0.477,	n/a
	Calibration and analysis software				𝑃<0.05
StepWatch		Stevens et al. [24]	𝑛=27, 4–18, CP	Authors state “readjusted until all valid step activity recorded”; no statistical measure reported	n/a	n/a
	Rich data collection		𝑛=27, 4–18,TDC
		Bjornson et al. [28]	𝑛=162, 2–5, TDC	Agreement=99.2±4.6% (2-3yr); Agreement=100.0±4.4% (4-5yr)	n/a	n/a
	Feasible HPA measure	Song et al. [29]	𝑛=20, 5–11, TDC	Walking: 𝑟=0.97; Running: 𝑟=0.96; (𝑃<0.05); measurement error 3±1%	n/a	n/a
IDEEA	Cost not available; Poor battery life (60 hrs); Poor utility in HPA research	Aviram et al. [26]	𝑛=21, 4–10, CP	𝑟=0.72 (𝑃<0.001); difference means (𝑡-test): 𝑃=0.000		Test-retest
					n/a	𝑟≥0.995;
			𝑛=7, 5–8, TDC	𝑟=0.88 (𝑃<0.05); difference means (𝑡-test): 𝑃=0.002		Difference mean:
						𝑡-test: 𝑃=0.33

CP: cerebral palsy; DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; TDC: typically developing children; AMP: ambulatory monitoring Pod; IDEEA: Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity; n/a: not assessed.