Timing of Caffeine Therapy and Neonatal Outcomes in Preterm Infants: A Retrospective Study

Table 2

(a) Neonatal outcomes of infants receiving early caffeine (1-2 DOL) and late caffeine (3–7 DOL). (b) Neonatal outcomes of infants receiving early caffeine (1-2 DOL) and very late caffeine (≥8 DOL). (c) Prediction of BPD and PDA ligation in infants with early caffeine (1-2 DOL) and very late caffeine (≥8 DOL) by multiple logistic regression analysis.

(a)

	Early caffeine; (1-2 DOL)	Late caffeine; (3–7 DOL)	p value
	85	46
GA (wks)	26.34 ± 1.84	26.41 ± 1.80
BW (g)	891.78 ± 227.50	909.13 ± 243.92
Sex (female/male)	38/47 (44.7%, 55.3%)	28/18 (60.9%, 39.1%)
Short-term clinical assessment
Duration of NICU stay	79.79 ± 30.51	76.73 ± 25.43
BPD	23 (27.1%)	14 (30.4%)
ROP requiring surgery	7 (8.2%)	0
RDS	65 (76.5%)	36 (78.3%)
PDA	41 (48.2%)	25 (54.3%)
PDA requiring ligation	4 (4.7%)	3 (6.5%)
Necrotizing enterocolitis	8 (9.4%)	5 (20%)
PVL	4 (4.7%)	0

DOL, days of life; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia.

(b)

	Early caffeine; (1-2 DOL)	Very late caffeine; (≥8 DOL)	value
	85	19
GA (wks)	26.34 ± 1.84	25.94 ± 2.01
BW (g)	891.78 ± 227.50	835.61 ± 188.70
Sex (female/male)	38/47 (44.7%, 55.3%)	9/10 (47.4%, 52.6%)
Short-term clinical assessment
Duration of NICU stay	79.79 ± 30.51	77.13 ± 30.15
BPD	23 (27.1%)	9 (47.4%)^1
ROP requiring surgery	7 (8.2%)	2 (10.5%)
RDS	65 (76.5%)	15 (78.9%)
PDA	41 (48.2%)	12 (63.2%)
PDA requiring ligation	4 (4.7%)	2 (10.5%)^2
Necrotizing enterocolitis	8 (9.4%)	0
PVL	4 (4.7%)	0

() means statistically significant.
¹These infants received caffeine on days 8, 9, 9, 14, 15, 16, 22, 27, and 53.
²One infant received caffeine on day 19 and the other had caffeine on day 27.
DOL, days of life; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia.

(c)

		BPD
	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval		value
		Lower	Upper
Initiation timing of caffeine therapy	0.393	0.126	1.223	0.107
GA (wks)	0.878	0.642	1.202	0.416
BW (g)	0.996	0.993	0.999	0.018
		PDA requiring ligation
	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval		value
		Lower	Upper
Initiation timing of caffeine therapy	0.473	0.075	2.967	0.424
GA (wks)	0.842	0.467	1.518	0.567
BW (g)	0.997	0.991	1.004	0.404

() means statistically significant.
DOL, days of life; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; GA, gestational week; BW, birthweight.