Early Infant Feeding Practices as Possible Risk Factors for Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Food Allergies in Kuwait
Table 4
Unadjusted odds ratios using univariate logistic regression for FA allergy status as the dependent variable and early feeding practices and exposures as independent variables.
Characteristics
Categories
Total Sample
Age Categories
Birth to 2 years
2–5 years
>5 years
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
Maternal BMI
Non-overweight
2.08 (1.11–3.91) 0.022
1.0 (0.42–2.36) -
0.20 (0.06–0.63) 0.005
1.05 (0.19–5.76) 0.96
Overweight & obese
1
1
1
1
Maternal age
<25 years old
0.76 (0.36–1.61) 0.48
1.66 (0.546–5.039) 0.37
0.80 (0.25–2.55) 0.71
0.56 (0.09–3.45) 0.53
25 years old and above
1
1
1
1
Birth weight
<2.5 kg
1.70 (0.66–4.43) 0.28
-
1.89 (1.47–2.44) 0.02
3.375 (0.53–21.42) 0.18
≥2.5 kg
1
-
1
1
Breastfed ever
Yes
1.35 (0.66–2.75) 0.41
0.70 (0.280–1.727) 0.43
3.158 (0.68–14.66) 0.13
1.50 (0.12–19.64) 0.76
No
1
1
1
1
Exclusive breastfeeding for six months or more
Yes
3.01 (1.63–5.53) <0.001
2.94 (1.09–6.38) 0.03
4.13 (1.34–12.72) 0.01
1.17 (0.10–13.32) 0.90
No
1
1
1
1
Breastfeeding duration
≥6 months
2.67 (1.23–5.76) 0.012
1.406 (0.39–4.97) 0.60
4.13 (1.06–16.10) 0.04
4.17 (0.42–41.76) 0.20
<6 months
1
1
1
1
Supplemented with formula
Yes
0.378 (0.20–0.72) 0.003
0.538 (0.22–1.34) 0.179
0.310 (0.095–1.006) 0.046
2.0 (0.24–16.36) 0.515
No
1
1
1
1
Introduction of complementary feedings
≥6 months
2.98 (1.52–5.84) 0.001
2.26 (0.82–6.25) 0.111
29.23 (3.41–250.92) <0.001
1.47 (1.10–1.95) 0.05
<6 months
1
1
1
1
Antibiotics exposure in the first year
Yes
2.78 (1.48–5.22) 0.001
2.46 (0.92–6.58) 0.07
2.66 (0.93–7.62) 0.065
2.73 (0.44–17.05) 0.27
No
1
1
1
1
Vitamin D deficient or insufficient
Yes
4.54 (2.13–9.68) <0.001
4.49 (1.50–13.45) 0.005
6.10 (1.68–22.19) 0.005
15.83 (2.05–122.07) 0.003
No
1
1
1
1
Values are presented as the unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%) CI, followed by the = value (). <0.05 is considered statistically significant.
