Determinants of Acute Malnutrition among Under-Five Children in Governmental Health Facilities in Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study
Table 4
Determinants of acute malnutrition among under-five children in the study area, 2021.
Variable
Cases
Controls
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
value
Marital status
Married
100 (75%)
256 (96%)
1
1
Others
33 (24.8%)
10 (3.8%)
8.45 (4.01, 17.8)
4.45 (1.72, 11.5)
0.002
Residence
Rural
55 (41.4%)
73 (27.4%)
1.86 (1.20, 2.88)
1.55 (0.70, 3.45)
0.273
Urban
78 (58.6%)
193 (72.6%)
1
1
Family size
1-4
79 (59.4%)
215 (80.8%)
1
1
5 and above
54 (40.6%)
51 (19.2%)
2.88 (1.81, 4.57)
2.54 (1.37, 4.73)
0.003
Birth interval
<24 months
59 (44.4%)
56 (21.1%)
2.99 (1.90, 4.69)
2.71 (1.54, 4.76)
0.001
≥24 months
74 (55.6%)
210 (78.9%)
1
1
Mothers’ education
No formal education
37 (27.8%)
14 (5.2%)
8.70 (4.29, 17.65)
2.96 (1.02, 8.56)
0.044
Primary
55 (41.4)
117 (44%)
1.54 (0.96, 2.48)
0.73 (0.38, 1.39)
0.344
Secondary and above
41 (30.8%)
135 (50.8%)
1
1
Mothers’ occupation
Trader
18 (13.5%)
39 (14.7%)
0.69 (0.37, 1.31)
1.29 (0.57, 2.94)
0.536
Employee
12 (9%)
85 (32%)
0.214 (0.10, 0.4)
0.47 (0.19, 1.17)
0.105
Daily laborer
29 (21.8%)
30 (11.3%)
1.46 (0.81, 2.63)
0.68 (0.28, 1.65)
0.399
Housewife
74 (55.6%)
112 (42.1%)
1
1
Fathers’ occupation
Trader
35 (26.3%)
72 (27.1%)
1
1
Employee
24 (18%)
115 (43.2%)
0.43 (0.236, 0.78)
0.66 (0.306, 1.45)
0.309
Daily laborer
56 (42.1%)
40 (15%)
2.88 (1.62, 5.1)
1.18 (0.50, 2.80)
0.699
Farmer
18 (13.5%)
39 (14.7%)
0.94 (0.47, 1.89)
0.16 (0.05, 0.50)
0.206
Birth order
1-3
58 (43.6%)
169 (63.5%)
1
1
4 and above
75 (56.4%)
97 (36.5%)
2.25 (1.47, 3.44)
2.61 (0.96, 7.09)
0.06
Birth weight
<2.5 kg
18 (43.9%)
15 (15.5%)
4.27 (1.87, 9.77)
3.56 (1.15, 10.99)
0.027
≥2.5 kg
23 (56.1)
82 (84.5%)
1
1
Diarrhea in the last two weeks
No
58 (44.3%)
159 (76.8%)
1
1
Yes
73 (55.7%)
48 (23.2%)
4.16 (2.60, 6.68)
9.15 (2.83, 29.53)
0.001
Pneumonia
No
95 (73.1)
164 (79.2%)
1
1
Yes
35 (26.9%)
43 (20.8%)
1.40 (0.84, 2.34)
3.05 (0.78, 11.85)
0.106
Antenatal care follow-up
No
60 (45.1%)
75 (28.2%)
2.09 (1.35, 3.22)
1.06 (0.59, 1.90)
0.837
Yes
73 (54.9%)
191 (71.8%)
1
1
Place of delivery
Home
30 (22.6%)
42 (15.8%)
1.55 (0.92, 2.62)
0.54 (0.26, 1.12)
0.099
Health facility
103 (77.4%)
224 (84.2%)
1
1
Postnatal care follow-up
No
53 (39.8%)
84 (31.6%)
1.43 (0.93, 2.21)
0.94 (0.54, 1.65)
0.853
Yes
80 (60.2%)
182 (68.4)
1
1
Immunization status
Immunized
88 (66.2%)
205 (77.1%)
1
1
Not immunized
45 (33.8%)
61 (22.9%)
1.71 (1.08, 2.72)
1.02 (0.54, 1.92)
0.952
Visit health facility within 24 hours of the onset of any sickness
No
103 (81.1%)
105 (40.2%)
6.37 (3.83, 10.6)
5.10 (2.94, 8.86)
0.001
Yes
24 (18.9%)
156 (59.8%)
1
1
Vaccinated for tetanus toxoid
No
64 (48.1%)
93 (35%)
1.72 (1.13, 2.63)
0.88 (0.49, 1.58)
0.678
Yes
69 (51.9%)
173 (65%)
1
1
Decision on health care of child
Father only
54 (40.6%)
27 (10.2%)
6.95 (4.04, 11.96)
4.78 (2.52, 9.07)
0.001
Mother only
18 (13.5%)
27 (10.2%)
2.31 (1.19, 4.48)
2.39 (1.11, 5.16)
0.026
Jointly
61 (45.9%)
212 (79.6%)
1
1
Type of toilet
Improved
9 (6.8%)
104 (39.4%)
1
1
Nonimproved
123 (93.2%)
160 (60.6%)
8.88 (4.32, 18.25)
5.09 (2.40, 10.79)
0.001
Drinking water
Protected
76 (57.1%)
236 (88.7%)
1
1
Nonprotected
57 (42.9%)
30 (11.3%)
5.9 (3.53, 9.84)
3.45 (2.00, 5.93)
0.001
Duration of exclusive breastfeeding
<6 months
111 (83.5%)
98 (36.8%)
10.90 (6.09, 19.51)
4.65 (2.21, 9.78)
0.001
>6 months
6 (4.5%)
14 (5.3%)
1.39 (12.22)
4.46 (1.02, 19.45)
0.046
At six months
16 (12%)
154 (57.9%)
1
1
Give colostrum for child
No
97 (72.9%)
112 (42.1%)
3.7 (2.35, 5.83)
1.40 (0.73, 2.68)
0.297
Yes
36 (27.1%)
154 (57.9%)
1
1
Counseling on child feeding
No
62 (46.6%)
78 (29.3%)
2.1 (1.36, 3.23)
0.60 (0.32, 1.13)
0.116
Yes
71 (53.4%)
188 (70.7%)
1
1
Duration of breastfeeding
<24 months
124 (93.2%)
97 (36.5%)
24 (11.67, 49.37)
10.26 (4.57, 22.99)
0.001
≥24 months
9 (6.8%)
169 (63.5%)
1
1
Dietary diversity
Inadequate
103 (77.4%)
88 (33.1%)
6.94 (4.29, 11.22)
2.05 (1.05, 4.00)
0.034
Adequate
30 (22.6%)
178 (66.9%)
1
1
Food insecurity
Food secure
16 (12%)
142 (53.4%)
1
1
Food insecure
117 (88%)
124 (46.6%)
8.37 (4.71, 14.88)
3.83 (1.80, 8.14)
0.001
Statistically significant at value < 0.05, value < 0.01, and value < 0.001. 1 = reference category; COR = crude odds ratio; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
