|
Species | Treatment | Dose | Food before experiment | Treatment duration | Plasma glucose or GIR | Plasma insulin | Reference |
|
Health humans | 1 IV AG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection | 1 g AG/kg | Fasting overnight | 3 hours | Enhanced | Decreased | [65] |
|
Health humans | 1 IV AG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection | 3.3 g AG/kg | Fasting overnight | 3 hours | Enhanced | Decreased | [68] |
|
Health humans | 1 IV AG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection | 1 g AG/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Enhanced | Decreased | [67, 81] |
|
Health humans | 1 IV AG injection + O-GTT versus O-GTT | 1 g AG/kg + 100 g glucose | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Not change | Not change |
[81] |
1 IV AG injection + FFA versus FFA | 1 g AG/kg + 10% FFA | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Not change | Decreased |
1 IV AG injection + arginine versus arginine | 1 g AG/kg + 0.5 g arginine/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Enhanced | Decreased |
|
Health humans | 1 IV AG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection | 1 g AG/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Enhanced | Decreased |
[67] |
1 IV UAG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection | 1 g UAG/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Not change | Not change |
1 IV AG injection + UAG versus 1 IV placebo injection | 1 g AG/kg + 1 g UAG/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Not change | Not change |
|
Health humans | IV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion | 5 pmol AG/kg/min | Fasting overnight | 3 hours | Enhanced | Enhanced | [77] |
|
Health humans | IV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion Both with pancreatic clamp + hyperinsulinemic-euglicemic clamp + glucose adjustable | 5 pmol AG/kg/min | Fasting overnight | 5 hours | During clamp GIR diminished with ghrelin | Not change | [71] |
|
Hypopituitary humans | 1 IV AG or UAG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection | 1 g AG or UAG/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Enhanced | Not change |
[82] |
1 IV AG + UAG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection | 1 g AG/kg + 1 g UAG/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Not change | Diminished |
|
Hypopituitary humans | IV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion Both with hyperinsulinemic-euglicemic clamp | 5 pmol AG/kg/min | Fasting overnight | 5 hours | Basal period enhanced, during clamp GIR diminished | Not change | [78] |
|
Gastrectomized humans | IV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion Both with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp | 5 pmol AG/kg/min | Fasting overnight | 5 hours | Diminished GIR | Not change | [80] |
|
| IV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion Both with IV-GTT infusion | 1 ng AG/kg/h + 13.3 mg glucose/kg/min | 24-hour fasting | 40 minutes | Not change | Not change | |
Normal rats | IP AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion Both with IV-GTT infusion | 1 ng AG/kg/h + 13.3 mg glucose/kg/min | 24-hour fasting | 40 minutes | Enhanced | Diminished |
[70] |
IV AG infusion versus IP placebo infusion Both with IP-GTT infusion | 1 ng AG/kg/h + 13.3 mg glucose/kg/min | 24-hour fasting | 40 minutes | Not change | Not change |
| IP AG infusion versus IP placebo infusion Both with IP-GTT infusion | 1 ng AG/kg/h + 13.3 mg glucose/kg/min | 24-hour fasting | 40 minutes | Enhanced | Diminished | |
|
Normal rats | 1 IV UAG injection + IV-GTT versus IV-GTT | 30 nmol UAG/kg + 1 g glucose/kg | Fasting overnight | 50 minutes | Not change | Enhanced |
[83] |
1 IV AG injection + IV-GTT versus IV-GTT | 30 nmol UAG/kg + 1 g glucose/kg | Fasting overnight | 50 minutes | Not change | Not change |
|
Rats with hepatic vagotomy | IP AG infusion versus IP placebo infusion Both with IP-GTT infusion | 1 ng AG/kg//h +13.3 mg glucose/kg/min | 24-hour fasting | 40 minutes | Not change | Not change | [70] |
|
Mice ddY | 1 IP AG injection versus 1 IP placebo injection Both with IP-GTT | 1 and 10 nmol AG/kg + 1 g glucose/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Enhanced | Decreased |
[58] |
1 IP AG injection versus 1 IP placebo injection | 1 nmol/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Enhanced | |
|
C57BL/6J mice | 1 IV AG injection + IV-GTT versus IV-GTT | 50 nmol AG/kg + 1g/kg | 3-hour fasting | 50 minutes | Not change | Diminished | [84] |
|
GH-deficient little mice | 1 IP AG injection versus 1 IP placebo injection | 1 nmol AG/kg | Fasting overnight | 30 minutes | Enhanced | | [58] |
|
Obese humans | 1 IV AG injection versus IV placebo injection | 1 g AG/kg | Fasting overnight | 2 hours | Not change | Not change | [72] |
|