|
| Author | Species | Ghrelin type | Effective dose | Methods | Results | Mechanism of action |
|
Trudel L.,
[29] | Conscious postop ileus model (SD male rats) | Human ghrelin-28 (IGBMC, France) | 20โg/kg IV given immediately after meal | Assessment of GE by gastric retention of a phenol red-marked meal | Ghrelin reversed the postop delayed GE | |
|
|
Trudel L., [42] | Conscious postop ileus model (female mongrel dogs) | Ghrelin (IGBMC, France) | () 100โg/kg IV on day 2 | Assessment of GE by acetaminophen method | Ghrelin reversed the postop delayed GE | |
| () 4โg/kg IV on day 3 | |
| () 20โg/kg IV on day 4given after meal | |
|
|
De Winter B., [33] | Conscious LPS septic ileus model (Swiss OFI mice) | () Rat ghrelin (Tocris, UK) | () Ghrelin: 100โg/kg | Assessment of GE by the gastric retention of an Evans blue-marked meal | Ghrelin and GHRP-6 accelerated GE in LPS septic ileus mice | |
| () GHRP-6 (Bachem, UK) | () GHRP-6: 20 and100โg/kg given IP 1h prior to meal | |
|
|
Poitras P., [31] | Conscious postop ileus ยฑ morphine-treated rat model (male SD rats) | Ghrelin receptor agonist RC-1139 (Rejuvenon Corp., USA) | 2.5โ10โmg /Kg IV given immediately after meal | Assessment of GE by the retention of Tc-labelled meal | () RC-1139 accelerated GE dose-dependently in postop ileus rats | |
| () RC-1139 at 10โmg/Kg accelerated GE in postop ileus + morphine-treated rats | |
|
Liu Y.,
[43] | Conscious Cisplatin-treated adult male C57/6J black mice | Rat ghrelin (Bachem Ltd, UK) | 1โmg/Kg, IP b.i.d | Assessment of gastric emptying by the wet weight of gastric content | Ghrelin improved GE | |
|
Sallam H.,
[44] | Conscious scald-burned model (SD male rats) | Ghrelin (Tocris, USA) | 2โnmol/rat given IP 20โmin before meal | Assessment of GE by gastric retention of a phenol red-marked meal | Ghrelin accelerated GE; an effect blocked by pretreatment with atropine | Ghrelinโs effects on gastric motility involve the cholinergic pathway |
|
Venkova K.,
[45] | Conscious postop ileus ยฑ morphine-treated rat model (male SD rats) | Ghrelin receptor agonist TZP-101 (Tranzyme Pharma Canada) | 0.1โ1โmg /Kg (1ml) IV given 1-2โmin before meal | Assessment of GE by the retention of Tc-labelled meal | TZP-101 accelerated GE dose-dependently in postop ileus rats ยฑ morphine | |
|
Qui et al.
[40] | Diabetic mouse model (IP-alloxan-treated C57 mice) | Rat ghrelin
GHRP-6(Tocris, UK) | 50โ200โg/Kg given IP prior to meal | Assessment of GE by gastric retention of a phenol red-marked meal | Ghrelin and GHRP-6 at all doses accelerated GE; an effect blocked by atropine or L-NAME. | The effects of Ghrelin and GHRP-6 on GE in diabetic gastroparesis is mediated via the cholinergic pathways |
|
Qui et al.
[41] | Diabetic guinea pig model (IP-STZ-treated) | Ghrelin
GHRP-6 | 20, 50 and 100โg/Kg given IP prior to meal | Assessment of GE by gastric retention of a phenol red-marked meal | Ghrelin and GHRP-6 at all doses accelerated GE; an effect blocked by atropine. | The effects of Ghrelin and GHRP-6 on GE in diabetic gastroparesis are mediated via the cholinergic pathways |
|
Chen Y.,
[46] | LPS endotoxemia mouse model (male ICR mice) | Rat ghrelin (Global Peptide Services, UDA) | 20โg/Kg IP given 15โmin before meal | () Assessment of GE by gastric retention of a phenol red-marked meal | () Ghrelin had no effect on GE | Ghrelinโs effect on LPS-delayed GE are mediated via the down regulation of NO |
| () Assessment of plasma NO production by fluorometry | () Ghrelin normalized endotoxemia-induced delayed GE |
| () Assessment of iNos expression by immunohistochemistry | () Ghrelin 20โg/Kg reduced plasma NO and iNOS expression in the submucosa and musculosa of the stomach |
|
Zheng Q.,
[47] | Diabetic mouse model (IP-alloxan-treated C57 mice) | GHRP-6 (Tocris, UK) | 200โg/kg given IP prior to meal | Assessment of GE by gastric retention of a phenol red-marked meal | GHRP-6 accelerated diabetic-induced delayed GE; an effect blocked by pretreatment with atropine | GHRP-6 effects on gastric motility involve the cholinergic pathway |
|
