Summrary of the effects of peripheral hormones on hypothalamic regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. NPY = neuropeptide Y; AgRP = Agoui-relaed peptide; POMC = pro-opiomelacortin; CART = cocaine-amphetamine-related peptide; -MSH = alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; MC-4R = type-4 melanocortin receptor.