Leptin in Anorexia and Cachexia Syndrome

Table 1

Summary of markers of appetite regulation in various cachectic states.

Condition	Appetite	Body Weight	Circulating Leptin Levels	POMC/α-MSH hypothalamic levels	NPY/AgRP hypothalamic levels	Circulating inflammatory markers	Hypothalamic inflammatory markers	References
Cancer cachexia	↓ ^*#	↓ ^*#	↓ ^*#	↑*	↓ *	↑^*#	↑*	[60, 84–87]
CHF-induced cachexia	↓ ^*#	↓ ^*#	↑^*#	unknown	unknown	↑^*#	unknown	[10, 99–102, 115]
Pulmonary cachexia	↓ ^*#	↓ ^*#	↓ ^*#	unknown	unknown	↑^*#	unknown	[121, 122, 124–126]
CKD cachexia	↓ ^*#	↓ ^*#	↑^*#	unknown	unknown	↑^*#	unknown	[135, 137, 139, 140, 142, 145]
Aging cachexia	↓ ^*#	↓ ^*#	↓ ^*#	↑*	↓ *	↑^*#	unknown	[146–150]

#—supported by human model data; *—supported by animal model data.