Table 1: Summary of markers of appetite regulation in various cachectic states.

Condition Appetite Body Weight Circulating Leptin Levels POMC/α-MSH hypothalamic levels NPY/AgRP hypothalamic levels Circulating inflammatory markers Hypothalamic inflammatory markers References Cancer cachexia ↓ *# ↓ *# ↓ *# ↑* ↓ * ↑*# ↑* [60, 84–87] CHF-induced cachexia ↓ *# ↓ *# ↑*# unknown unknown ↑*# unknown [10, 99–102, 115] Pulmonary cachexia ↓ *# ↓ *# ↓ *# unknown unknown ↑*# unknown [121, 122, 124–126] CKD cachexia ↓ *# ↓ *# ↑*# unknown unknown ↑*# unknown [135, 137, 139, 140, 142, 145] Aging cachexia ↓ *# ↓ *# ↓ *# ↑* ↓ * ↑*# unknown [146–150]

—supported by human model data; *—supported by animal model data.