Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a severe dimorphic fungus infection, which is often difficult to diagnose due to similarity in symptoms to other diseases and lack of specific diagnostic tests. Urine samples from histoplasma-antigen-positive patients and appropriate controls were prepared using various sample preparation strategies including immunoenrichment, ultrafiltration, high-abundant protein depletion, deglycosylation, reverse-phase fractions, and digest using various enzymes. Samples were then analyzed by nanospray tandem mass spectrometry. Accurate mass TOF scans underwent molecular feature extraction and statistical analysis for unique disease makers, and acquired MS/MS data were searched against known human and histoplasma proteins. In human urine, some 52 peptides from 37 Histoplasma proteins were identified with high confidence. This is the first report of identification of a large number of Histoplasma-specific peptides from immunoassay-positive patient samples using tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatics techniques. These findings may lead to novel diagnostic markers for histoplasmosis in human urine.
1. Introduction
Infection and disease caused by pathogenic and opportunistic fungi has been increasing over the past decade. One widespread and severe fungal disease, histoplasmosis, is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The H. capsulatum mycelial phase may be inhaled by mammals to cause pulmonary disease [1]. Disease progression then occurs as the fungus transforms to yeast phase and disseminates to other parts of the body [2]. While most infections are mild, it can lead to rapid progression and life threatening symptoms for individuals with weak immune systems such as elderly, infants, HIV, and cancer patients or transplant recipients [3]. Furthermore, once infected, a latent infection may also be reactivated. Current laboratory testing for histoplasmosis does not provide adequate clinical sensitivity and specificity for accurate diagnosis of this infection. Antigen cross reactivity with other fungi species can be especially troublesome [4, 5].
Although progress has been made in understanding the pathogen-host interaction [6, 7], there are currently no known biomarkers of histoplasma infection, whereby molecular or chemical structures have been clearly defined. Incomplete genomes and/or databases for either protein or nonprotein compounds from Histoplasma have been a significant limitation of the work to date. This limitation has been improved due to recent efforts of the Human Microbiome Project hosted by the Genome Center at Washington University and the Broad Institute [8, 9]. The resulting genome and protein entries into public databases (such as NCBI) allow proteomics-based research to now move forward in a meaningful way. This study utilized comparative LC-MS/MS analysis of urine specimens from infected and noninfected patients to identify several potential protein and peptide markers specific to H. capsulatum infection in human urine.
2. Materials and Methods
Samples utilized in the study were unused aliquots of human urine samples referred for clinical laboratory testing at ARUP Laboratories (Salt Lake City, UT). Initial experiments included samples () positive for histoplasma antigen (HAG) retrieved from samples submitted for routine clinical testing using an existing polyclonal enzyme immunoassay developed and validated by ARUP Laboratories using analyte-specific reagents (ImmunoMycologics, Inc., Norman, OK). Negative control samples () were urine samples from individuals without histoplasma antigenuria. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Utah.
The following methodologies were used alone or in combination for sample preparation including immuno-enrichment (Immuno-Mycologics, Inc., Norman, OK), glyco-enrichment, SDS-PAGE gel separation, fractionation by molecular weight using ultrafiltration (Amicon Ultra-4, Millipore, Billerica, MA), high-abundant protein depletion (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, Part #5185–5984) [10], deglycosylation (EDEGLY, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), reverse-phase fractions, and digestion using trypsin, glutamic C, or proteinase K (Princeton Separations, Adelphia, NJ). Experiments for discovery and validation of Histoplasma urine peptides were performed using nanoESI—tandem mass spectrometry (Agilent 6510 QTOF and AB/Sciex 4000 QTrap). Data was acquired (MassHunter 3.0 and Analyst 1.5) using replicate TOF scans as well as Auto MS/MS or information-dependent acquisition (IDA) MS/MS experiments. Replicate analysis was also performed using mass range partitions for precursor isolation of 400–600, 600–800, and 800–1600 m/z.
Accurate mass TOF scans were processed using MassHunter software (Agilent) for molecular feature extraction by retention time, mass-to-charge ratio, and integrated peak area. Files with molecular features (.mhd file format) corresponding to each analyzed sample were then uploaded into GeneSpringMS (Agilent) for further statistical analysis consisting of statistical filtering by normalized peak abundances, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and fold change (>2) between disease and control groups, significance testing, and unsupervised condition tree clustering to identify candidate features that were statistically significant and unique to the disease data set. Acquired MS/MS data files were searched using Mascot or Spectrum Mill (Agilent) against a combined human/histoplasma protein electronic fasta database (April 2011 NCBI download), and the results were evaluated.
Lastly, pooled samples in multiple independent experiments () and additional individual samples (disease, and control, ) were used to validate potential biomarkers of HAG. Targeted MS/MS and extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) were also used to manually verify peptide targets. Potential nonhuman peptides identified in these experiments were further confirmed against the full NCBI nonredundant database using protein-protein BLAST (pBLAST).
3. Results and Discussion
Although high-quality spectra were acquired during initial experiments, early search results were frustrated as electronic databases contained less than 250 protein entries for Histoplasma. Experiments during 2006 and 2007 identified only 5 potential peptides belonging to Histoplasma. Later experiments (2008-2009) yielded more promising results, but only an additional 14 peptides confidently identified. To better evaluate the newly added fungal sequences recently made public, all original data files (2006–2010) were combined and the MS/MS search repeated using the latest available NCBI electronic protein fasta entries (19,178). Importantly, this increased number of protein entries led to an approximate 10-fold increase in the number of high-quality spectra matching Histoplasma-specific peptides. Further independent experiments were performed to confirm initial findings. This remarkable growth of electronic fasta database entries for Histoplasma proteins over the last 7 years, as available for download at NCBI is shown in Figure 1.
Histoplasma-specific peptides identified in this study are summarized in Table 1, where entries are ranked by the number of independent observations and BLAST score indicating “uniqueness” of the peptides. In total, 52 peptides were identified with a high degree of confidence, which belongs to 37 known and predicted Histoplasma proteins. Measuring one or more of these markers in patient samples may be potentially useful for diagnostic testing of histoplasmosis.
4. Conclusions
Diagnosis and management of invasive fungal disease remains a major health problem, both in this country and worldwide. The ability to definitively diagnose histoplasmosis has become even more important due to the increasing number of patients with weakened immune systems who are susceptible to this life threatening disease, yet the laboratory tests for this disease are far from adequate.
Obviously, since fungal proteins and peptides are not expected to be present in urine from noninfected patients, studies similar to this represent a rich source of potential and novel targets for clinical diagnostic testing. The multiple and independent experiments with exhaustive sample preparation reported here have resulted in a unique data set representing the urine proteome associated with histoplasma antigenuria. Importantly, data files have been uploaded to the Proteome Commons Tranche repository (http://proteomecommons.org/) as a Histoplasma group project and are publically available as of May 2011.
Acknowledgments
This paper was supported by the ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology. The authors are grateful to Immuno-Mycologics, Inc., Norman, OK, for supplying source material of histoplasma culture, antibody enrichment fractions, and enzyme immunoassay reagents and to Katie Ludwig for assisting with sample aliquots and de-identification.