|
| AMP | Source | Location | Function as signalling molecule | References |
|
| Human neutrophil peptides (HNP-1, HNP-2, and HNP-3) | Human | Bone marrow cells, peripheral leukocytes | Inhibitor of phospholipid/Ca2+ protein kinase (PKC), phosphorylation of endogenous proteins, chemo attractant of monocytes, stimulate release of cytokines (IL-1 and IL-8) and TNF | [121] |
| Beta defensins | Human, rabbit, guinea pig | Epithelial cells lining various organs such as epidermis, bronchial tree, and genitourinary tract | Induce release of histamine and prostaglandin 2 by activation and degranulation of mast cells | [122] |
| CAP37 | Human | Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), platelets, ocular epithelia | Chemotactic attractant for monocytes, binds heparin and LPS, induce leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, upregulate adhesion molecules, involved in leukocyte epithelial and epithelial extracellular matrix interactions, Upregulation of phospholipid/Ca2+ protein kinase (PKC) | [123] |
| PR-39 | Pig | Intestine | Inhibit ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein and induce angiogenesis, binds with cas protein and regulates cell adhesion, migration and transformation, inhibit P13-kinase activity, | [124, 125] |
| Epidermoid carcinoma-derived antimicrobial peptide (ECAP) | Human | Tumour cells | Inhibit EGFR auto phosphorylation and leads to decreased activity of nonreceptor protein kinases belonging to different families such Syk, Lyn and PKCmu | [126] |
| LL-37 | Human | Conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells | Chemotactic for monocytes, T-cells, neutrophils and mast cells, stimulate angiogenesis, stimulates IL-8 secretion, modulate dendritic cells differentiation, activator of extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors and regulates stress tolerance, keratinocytes apoptosis, anti-inflammatory and antiendotoxic effects | [123, 127] |
| Protegrin-1 (PG-1) | Porcine | Leukocytes | Activator of extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors and regulates stress tolerance | [128] |
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