The Influence of Race on Employment Status and Earnings of African Immigrant Men in the United States

Table 4

OLS regression of annual personal income of black and white African immigrant men aged 16 to 64 (standardized coefficients).

	1980		1990		2000		2008
Characteristics	Model I	Model II	Model I	Model II	Model I	Model II	Model I	Model II
Race
(White)
Black	−0.154***	−0.108***	−0.172***	−0.127***	−0.179	−0.106***	−0.186***	−0.112***
Age group
16 to 24 years
25 to 34 years	0.046***	0.037***	0.098***	0.072***	0.057***	0.053***	0.051***	0.053***
35 to 44 years	0.222***	0.206***	0.204***	0.179***	0.132***	0.128***	0.109***	0.109***
45 to 64 years	0.272***	0.245***	0.279***	0.246***	0.175***	0.168***	0.127***	0.125***
Education
Less than 9 years
9 to 12 years	0.132***	0.134***	0.043***	0.032***	0.025***	0.024***	0.020***	0.014***
13 years or more	0.278***	0.281***	0.158***	0.146***	0.162***	0.161***	0.148***	0.139***
Enrollment
(Not in school)
In school	−0.214***	−0.268***	−0.121***	−0.231**	−0.079***	−0.178***	−0.093***	−0.233***
Marital status
(Not married)
Married	0.091**	0.174***	0.091***	0.183***	0.072***	0.192***	0.088***	0.225***
Duration of immigration
(Less than 5 years)
5 to 9 years	−0.081***	−0.091***	−0.084***	−0.093**	−0.072**	−0.077***	−0.087***	−0.90***
10 years or more	−0.041***	− 0.037*	−0.038***	−0.039***	−0.031***	−0.034**	−0.059***	−0.63***
English proficiency
Speaks only English	0.187***	0.186***	0.176***	0.184***	0.110***	0.109***	0.177***	0.174***
Speaks very well	0.146***	0.149***	0.122***	0.132***	0.066***	0.067***	0.130***	0.128***
Speaks well	0.043***	0.041***	0.039***	0.040***	0.001	0.000	0.040***	0.040***
(Not well)
Region
Northeast	0.011***	0.013***	0.024***	0.022***	0.004**	0.002	0.042***	0.038***
Midwest	0.028***	0.031***	−0.005*	−0.007***	0.010**	0.007**	0.002	−0.002*
(South)
West	0.001	0.002	0.031**	0.028***	0.034***	0.032***	0.046***	0.040***
Interactions
Marriage by race		−0.141**		−0.147***		−0.166***		−0.176***
School enrollment by race		0.096***		0.147***		0.117***		0.156***
R square	0.367	0.377	0.244	0.259	0.177	0.188	0.186	0.197
Degree of freedom	16	18	16	18	16	18	16	18
Total number of cases	85,759	85,759	191,415	191,415	363,576	363,576	647,468	647,468

Omitted categories in parentheses.
^∗∗∗𝑃≤0.001,  ^∗∗𝑃≤0.01,  ^∗𝑃≤0.05.
Source: analysis based on 5 percent IPUMS data sets.