Population Change and Its Driving Factors in Rural, Suburban, and Urban Areas of Wisconsin, USA, 1970–2000
Table 4
Spatial regime models of population change in 1970–1980, 1980–1990, and 1990–2000 by rural, suburban, and urban areas.
1970–1980
1980–1990
1990–2000
R
S
U
Instab
R
S
U
Instab
R
S
U
Instab
Indices
Demographics 1
−0.100***
0.017
0.505**
**
0.169***
−0.017
0.114
—
0.027
−0.171*
0.438*
**
Demographics 2
0.005
−0.336**
−0.132*
**
0.123***
0.073
−0.091
**
−0.102**
0.030
−0.099
—
Livability 1
−0.017
0.120*
−0.093
—
0.185***
0.186***
−0.002
—
0.109*
0.246***
−0.069
**
Livability 2
−0.024
0.250***
−0.052
***
0.083*
0.344***
0.505
**
0.101**
0.239**
0.066
—
Livability 3
−0.152***
0.007
−0.409
*
0.064
−0.051
0.411
—
0.284***
−0.222*
−0.337
***
Accessibility 1
0.134
−0.023
0.007
—
0.013
−0.097
−0.043
—
0.072
−0.015
−0.019
—
Accessibility 2
−0.023
−0.020
0.056
—
0.025
−0.029
0.024
—
0.003
0.041
0.035
—
Desirability 1
0.147***
0.036
−0.483
*
0.075
0.102
−0.805**
**
−0.049
0.153
−0.206
—
Desirability 2
−0.081***
−0.051
0.682
—
−0.012
−0.005
0.289
—
0.030
−0.121
−0.183
—
Desirability 3
−0.043
−0.044
−0.007
—
0.004
−0.090
0.259*
*
−0.012
−0.053
0.023
—
Developability
0.111**
−0.032
0.248
—
0.108**
0.047
0.419**
*
0.063
0.181*
0.176
—
Spatial lag
0.265***
0.293***
0.084
—
0.228***
0.209***
0.053
—
0.230***
0.202***
0.087
—
Measures of fit
Log likelihood
−2361.06
−2389.78
−2389.39
AIC
4800.13
4857.57
4856.78
BIC
5015.25
5072.69
5071.90
Notes: R = Rural areas; S = Suburban areas; U = Urban areas; Instab = Instability of coefficients. AIC = Akaike’s Information Criterion. BIC = Schwartz’s Bayesian Information Criterion. ; ; . The coefficients displayed have been standardized in order to compare the relative importance of each variable to other variables within each model and to the variable itself across the three models.
