Employment Assimilation of Immigrants in The Netherlands: Dip and Catchup by Source Country

Table 5

Determinants of service and intermediate jobs; multinomial odds ratios, (standard errors), and (marginal effects), men. Determinants of service and intermediate jobs; odds ratios, (standard errors), and (marginal effects), women.

(a)

	Service				Intermediate
	Mod I	Mod II	Mod III	Mod IV	Mod I	Mod II	Mod III	Mod IV
Age	1.122***	1.201***	1.203***	1.130***	1.042	1.071***	1.072***	1.019
	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.013)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.011)
	[0.022]	[0.033]	[0.034]	[0.027]	[−0.008]	[−0.015]	[−0.015]	[−0.016]
Age-sq	0.999***	0.998***	0.998***	0.999***	0.999***	0.999***	0.999***	1.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
YSM	1.030*	1.126***	1.122***	1.113***	1.060***	1.075***	1.073***	1.063***
	(0.014)	(0.018)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.014)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.016)
	[−0.001]	[0.017]	[0.016]	[0.016]	[0.009]	[−0.003]	[−0.003]	[−0.004]
YSM-sq	1.000	0.998***	0.998***	0.998***	0.999**	0.999**	0.999**	0.999**
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
	[0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
TurkMoroc	0.080***	0.034***	0.037***	0.034***	0.143***	0.145***	0.149***	0.146***
	(0.161)	(0.210	(0.240)	(0.243)	(0.147)	(0.157)	(0.178)	(0.180)
	[−0.317]	[−0.379]	[−0.374]	[−0.379]	[−0.186]	[−0.155]	[−0.152]	[−0.153]
Caribbean	0.250***	0.093***	0.124***	0.111***	0.264***	0.217***	0.264***	0.251***
	(0.160)	(0.213)	(0.244)	(0.250)	(0.156)	(0.165)	(0.198)	(0.202)
	[−0.174]	[−0.300]	[−0.273]	[−0.284]	[−0.131]	[−0.107]	[−0.078]	[−0.082]
East-Europ	0.197***	0.035***	0.036***	0.038***	0.311***	0.185***	0.186***	0.199***
	(0.180)	(0.236)	(0.297)	(0.299)	(0.166)	(0.175)	(0.225)	(0.227)
	[−0.225]	[0.376]	[−0.374]	[−0.373]	[−0.089]	[−0.115]	[−0.115]	[−0.099]
RefugeeCount	0.123***	0.010***	0.003***	0.003***	0.195***	0.120***	0.084***	0.101***
	(0.222)	(0.284)	(0.584)	(0.591)	(0.194)	(0.208)	(0.432)	(0.439)
	[−0.274]	[−0.414]	[−0.429]	[−0.429]	[−0.152]	[−0.185]	[−0.233]	[−0.206]
Nonwestern	0.192***	0.045***	0.038***	0.040***	0.250***	0.195***	0.168***	0.188***
	(0.158)	(0.211)	(0.256)	(0.259)	(0.150)	(0.160)	(0.197)	(0.200)
	[−0.218]	[−0.363]	[−0.371]	[−0.371]	[−0.127]	[−0.107]	[−0.133]	[−0.110]
Western	0.416***	0.106***	0.102***	0.104***	0.302***	0.211***	0.208***	0.218***
	(0.136)	(0.183)	(0.202)	(0.206)	(0.134)	(0.142)	(0.163)	(0.164)
	[−0.072]	[−0.285]	[−0.290]	[−0.289]	[−0.142]	[−0.105]	[−0.105]	[−0.096]
Second Gen	3.264***	10.799***	10.969***	10.576***	3.271***	4.634***	4.619***	4.475***
	(0.139)	(0.185)	(0.200)	(0.203)	(0.136)	(0.145)	(0.160)	(0.161)
	[0.083]	[0.277]	[0.281]	[0.278]	[0.069]	[−0.111]	[−0.114]	[−0.115]
Caribb*YSM			0.987	0.982			0.989	0.982
			(0.013)	(0.013)			(0.010)	(0.010)
			[−0.001]	[−0.001]			[−0.001]	[−0.001]
EastEur*YSM			1.001	0.995			1.001	0.995
			(0.022)	(0.022)			(0.016)	(0.017)
			[0.000]	[−0.000]			[0.000]	[−0.000]
Refug*YSM			1.143**	1.136*			1.039	1.030
			(0.051)	(0.052)			(0.041)	(0.042)
			[0.026]	[0.026]			[−0.013]	[−0.015]
Non-west*YSM			1.019	1.010			1.013	1.002
			(0.017)	(0.017)			(0.013)	(0.013)
			[0.002]	[0.002]			[0.000]	[−0.001]
West*YSM			1.012	1.011			1.004	1.002
			(0.012)	(0.012)			(0.009)	(0.009)
			[0.002]	[0.002]			[−0.001]	[−0.001]
Log likelihood	−62734	−48083	−48075	−47748
Pseudo R-sq	0.01	0.24	0.24	0.25
N	59430	59430	59430	59430

(b)

	Service				Intermediate
	Mod I	Mod II	Mod III	Mod IV	Mod I	Mod II	Mod III	Mod IV
Age	0.935***	0.991	0.991	1.072***	0.974*	0.986	0.985	1.017
	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.015)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.013)
	[−0.012]	[−0.000]	[0.000]	[0.013]	[0.003]	[−0.002]	[−0.002]	[−0.006]
Age-sq	1.000***	1.000	1.000	0.999**	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
	[0.000]	[0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
YSM	1.041**	1.078***	1.095***	1.091***	1.060***	1.065***	1.074***	1.072***
	(0.015)	(0.020)	(0.023)	(0.024)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.020)
	[0.002]	[0.008]	[0.010]	[0.009]	[0.008]	[0.004]	[0.004]	[0.004]
YSM-sq	0.999	0.999*	0.999*	0.999	0.999*	0.999*	0.999	0.999
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]	[−0.000]
TurkMoroc	0.088***	0.117***	0.095***	0.070***	0.101***	0.135***	0.117***	0.095***
	(0.184)	(0.248)	(0.289)	(0.296)	(0.182)	(0.201)	(0.234)	(0.242)
	[−0.269]	[−0.221]	[−0.239]	[−0.256]	[−0.257]	[−0.249]	[−0.266]	[−0.293]
Caribbean	0.287***	0.183***	0.190***	0.134***	0.229***	0.202***	0.201***	0.152***
	(0.165)	(0.224)	(0.251)	(0.254)	(0.171)	(0.187)	(0.212)	(0.218)
	[−0.134]	[−0.176]	[−0.171]	[−0.200]	[−0.184]	[−0.196]	[−0.199]	[−0.236]
East-Europ	0.267***	0.069***	0.073***	0.067***	0.225***	0.130***	0.142***	0.133***
	(0.163)	(0.221)	(0.268)	(0.271)	(0.168)	(0.180)	(0.219)	(0.224)
	[−0.147]	[−0.269]	[−0.267]	[−0.265]	[−0.183]	[−0.244]	[−0.231]	[−0.243]
RefugeeCount	0.450*	0.096***	0.131*	0.092**	0.264***	0.151***	0.133**	0.106***
	(0.318)	(0.430)	(0.845)	(0.833)	(0.346)	(0.367)	(0.665)	(0.666)
	[−0.055]	[−0.243]	[−0.207]	[−0.234]	[−0.184]	[−0.228]	[−0.255]	[−0.283]
Non-western	0.168***	0.056***	0.059***	0.050***	0.171***	0.127***	0.135***	0.120***
	(0.163)	(0.223)	(0.264)	(0.267)	(0.164)	(0.179)	(0.213)	(0.218)
	[−0.208]	[−0.284]	[−0.282]	[−0.284]	[−0.207]	[−0.244]	[−0.236]	[−0.253]
Western	0.400***	0.164***	0.157***	0.142***	0.242***	0.164***	0.182***	0.163***
	(0.144)	(0.197)	(0.212)	(0.215)	(0.152)	(0.164)	(0.179)	(0.184)
	[−0.068]	[−0.180]	[−0.191]	[−0.194]	[−0.194]	[−0.223]	[−0.200]	[−0.220]
Second Gen	3.146***	6.523***	6.785***	6.607***	4.438***	5.996***	5.570***	5.764***
	(0.146)	(0.200)	(0.210)	(0.213)	(0.154)	(0.167)	(0.176)	(0.181)
	[0.020]	[0.107]	[0.133]	[0.113]	[0.173]	[0.089]	[0.062]	[0.074]
Caribb*YSM			0.982	0.976			0.987	0.982
			(0.016)	(0.016)			(0.013)	(0.013)
			[−0.002]	[−0.003]			[−0.001]	[−0.001]
EastEur*YSM			0.979	0.972			0.979	0.973
			(0.022)	(0.022)			(0.017)	(0.018)
			[−0.002]	[−0.002]			[−0.002]	[−0.002]
Refug*YSM			0.960	0.972			0.998	1.001
			(0.065)	(0.064)			(0.050)	(0.049)
			[−0.009]	[−0.006]			[0.006]	[0.004]
Non-west*YSM			0.981	0.973			0.983	0.972
			(0.019)	(0.020)			(0.015)	(0.016)
			[−0.002]	[−0.002]			[−0.001]	[−0.003]
West*YSM			0.988	0.984			0.976*	0.973*
			(0.014)	(0.015)			(0.012)	(0.012)
			[0.001]	[0.001]			[−0.004]	[−0.004]
Log likelihood	−51840	−37874	−37869	−36726
Pseudo R-sq	0.01	0.28	0.28	0.30
N	48161	48161	48161	48161

𝑃<.05; **𝑃<.01; ***𝑃<.001.
Models II and III also include dummies for 7 categories of educational achievement. Model IV also includes 3 dummy variables for the presence of children below 11 years and controls for marital status, the degree of urbanisation, and naturalisation of immigrants and working hours.