Research Article
Assessing Vulnerability to Chronic Undernutrition among Under-Five Children in Egypt: Contextual Determinants of an Individual Consequence
Table 2
Determinants of chronic child undernutrition, Egypt 2008.
| Predictors | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
| Child-level covariates | | | | | | Age of the child (in months) | 0.001 | | −0.022*** | −0.013*** | −0.013*** | Sex of the child (base: male); female | 0.072* | | 0.236*** | 0.186*** | 0.165*** | Size of the Child at birth (base: large size) Average size | 0.021 | | −0.203 | −0.089 | −0.016 | Small size | −0.127 | | −0.405*** | −0.313*** | −0.325*** | Birth order | 0.128*** | | −0.052 | −0.028 | −0.043 | Average birth-spacing | −0.003 | | −0.002 | −0.001 | −0.003 |
| Mother-level covariates | | | | | | Mother’s years since first marriage | −0.053*** | | 0.098*** | 0.016 | 0.002 | Mother’s age at childbirth | 0.024*** | | −0.122*** | −0.009 | 0.018 | Place of delivery of child (base: home delivery) Institutional delivery | −0.163*** | | −0.081 | 0.035 | 0.032 | Mother’s education in years | −0.003 | | −0.028*** | 0.002 | 0.002 | Women’s decision-making index | 0.114*** | | 0.251*** | −0.004 | 0.166* | Mothers BMI: ≥18.5 (base = 18.5) | 0.428* | | −0.045 | 0.220 | 0.514* | Duration of breastfeeding: (base: less than 6 months) More than 6 months | −0.515*** | | −0.746*** | −0.563*** | −0.544*** | Composite index of infant and child feeding practices | 0.030** | | −0.004 | −0.011 | −0.008 |
| Household-level covariates | | | | | | Wealth index: (base: poorest quintile) 2nd quintile | −0.256*** | | −0.790*** | −0.069 | −0.063 | Middle quintile | 0.091 | | 0.434 | 0.046 | 0.011 | 4th quintile | 0.310*** | | 0.602* | −0.023 | 0.042* | Richest quintile | 0.067 | | 1.596*** | −0.015 | 0.119** | Composite healthcare utilization index (base: poor utilization level) Moderate utilization level | 0.125** | | 0.065 | 0.090 | 0.146*** | Good utilization level | 0.359*** | | 0.035 | 0.100 | 0.226*** |
| Community-level covariates | | | | | | Distance to health facility (base: facility faraway); health facility nearby | −0.186*** | | 0.256 | −0.101 | −0.131* | Water source (base: piped water) not piped water Region: Lower Egypt urban (urban governorates: 1) | −0.580*** | | 0.502*** | 0.080 | 0.008 | −0.493*** | | −1.000** | −0.707*** | | Lower Egypt rural | −0.964*** | | 3.415*** | −0.656** | | Upper Egypt urban | −0.514*** | | 3.107*** | −0.002 | | Upper Egypt rural | −0.914*** | | 2.738** | −0.505** | | Frontier governorates | −0.428*** | | 0.874 | −0.464*** | | Place of residence (base: urban) rural | 0.182 | | −1.210 | 0.260 | 0.074 | Constant | −0.310 | | 1.926** | 0.644 | −0.534 |
| N | 8505 | 8505 | 8505 | 8505 | 8505 |
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Note: Dependent variable: height-for-age -scores (standardized). , , .
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