Gender and Reproductive Outcomes: The Effects of a Radio Serial Drama in Northern Nigeria

Table 4

Estimates of the relative effects of a serial radio drama "Ruwan Dare" and gender on reproductive outcomes in four states in northern Nigeria (Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, and Sokoto), 2009.

Relative drama and gender effects	Using contraceptives is against the will of Allah		Becoming pregnant every year puts mother's health at risk		Couples should space their children at least 2.5 to 3 years apart		People should plan how many children they will have
	Adjusted odds ratio	95% CI	Adjusted odds ratio	95% CI	Adjusted odds ratio	95% CI	Adjusted odds ratio	95% CI
Normative beliefs model
Listened to Ruwan Dare (exposure).
1 = regular listener, 0 = nonlistener (ref.)		0.91–3.11		0.78–3.02		1.45–7.51		1.08–5.95
Discussed FP with spouse in the last 3 months.
1 = yes, 0 = no (ref.)		1.94–6.64		1.67–6.24	na	na	na	na
What do you consider to be the ideal marriage age for a female?
1 = 19 years+, 0 = 18 years and below (ref.)		1.45–4.92	na	na		1.29–6.36		1.17–6.65
Girls should be encouraged to continue their education to higher levels.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)	na	na		1.99–12.21		2.26–17.71		2.80–27.93
Children should be treated equally regardless of their sex.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree, DK (ref.)	na	na		0.07–0.49	na	na	na	na
Couples should share responsibility for making decisions about family size.
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	na	na		1.56–8.85		3.26–20.36	na	na
A woman should be free to ask her husband to use a condom.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)	na	na		1.74–7.48		1.46–7.99		3.57–16.44
Women should not be allowed to express their opinion about important family matters.
1 = disagree, 0 = agree, DK (ref.)		1.08–3.70		1.44–5.64	na	na	na	na
Economic empowerment model
Listened to Ruwan Dare (exposure).
1 = regular listener, 0 = nonlistener (ref.)	2.48	0.71–8.68	1.69	0.82–3.48		1.46–7.86		1.09–6.75
Discussed FP with spouse in the last 3 months.
1 = yes, 0 = no (ref.)		1.54–16.97		1.64–6.50	na	na	na	na
What do you consider to be the ideal marriage age for a female?
1 = 19 years+, 0 = 18 years and below (ref.)	0.91	0.30–2.71	na	na		1.12–5.86	2.35	0.93–5.93
Girls should be encouraged to continue their education to higher levels.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)	na	na		1.90–12.32		2.55–21.96		4.06–47.99
Children should be treated equally regardless of their sex.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree, DK (ref.)	na	na		0.04–0.35	na	na	na	na
Couples should share responsibility for making decisions about family size.
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	na	na		1.71–11.05		3.07–20.70		1.20–9.90
A woman should be free to ask her husband to use a condom.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)	na	na		1.76–8.35		1.14–6.79		3.56–18.06
Women should not be allowed to express their opinion about important family matters.
1 = disagree, 0 = agree, DK (ref.)	1.88	0.61–5.79		1.47–6.47	na	na	na	na
Who in your family usually has the final say on making large household purchases?
1 = jointly, 0 = spouse, respondent, others (ref.)	2.76	0.93–8.24	0.76	0.28–2.05	1.99	0.50–8.01	2.24	0.54–9.30
Domestic violence model
Listened to Ruwan Dare (exposure).
1 = regular listener, 0 = nonlistener (ref.)	1.34	0.68–2.64	1.20	0.57–2.56		1.37–7.20		1.07–6.62
Discussed FP with spouse in the last 3 months.
1 = yes, 0 = no (ref.)		2.05–7.57		1.72–7.25	na	na	na	na
What do you consider to be the ideal marriage age for a female?
1 = 19 years+, 0 = 18 years and below (ref.)		1.20–4.34		1.78–12.66		1.36–6.96	2.27	0.88–5.88
Girls should be encouraged to continue their education to higher levels.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)	na	na		1.61–13.16		2.15–16.72		4.04–48.00
Children should be treated equally regardless of their sex.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree, DK (ref.)	na	na		0.05–0.46	na	na	na	na
Couples should share responsibility for making decisions about family size.
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	na	na		1.76–12.66		3.09–19.50		1.16–9.82
A woman should be free to ask her husband to use a condom.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)	na	na		1.87–9.81		1.55–8.66		3.47–17.99
Women should not be allowed to express their opinion about important family matters.
1 = disagree, 0 = agree, DK (ref.)		1.15–4.20		1.23–5.75	na	na	na	na
Who in your family usually has the final say on making large household purchases?
1 = jointly, 0 = spouse, respondent, others (ref.)	na	na	na	na	na	na	2.37	0.57–9.92
Do you think a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband if she knows he has a sexually transmitted infection?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	2.03	0.79–5.26		1.08–13.44	na	na	na	na
Is a husband justified in hitting or beating his wife if she goes out without telling him?
1 = no, 0 = yes, DK (ref.)	na	na	na	na	na	na	1.1	0.33–3.70
Is a husband justified in hitting or beating his wife if she argues with him?
1 = no, 0 = yes, DK (ref.)	na	na	na	na	0.32	0.08–1.30	na	na

Differences between surveys and between listeners and nonlisteners are significant at , , .
na means coefficient was removed from the model because it was statistically nonsignificant.
^aThe effect of drama exposure, net of the controls was signifcant but was rendered nonsignifcant after the measure for spousal discussion of FP was added in the model.