The Effects of Declining Fertility on Household Socioeconomic Conditions in Tanzania: A Comparative Study of Urban versus Rural Areas of Kwimba District, Mwanza Region
Table 1
Descriptive data for weighted sample of women across study communities in Kwimba district.
Ngudu urban
Nyamikoma
Women with no children () % or mean (SD)
Women with 1-2 children () % or mean (SD)
Women with 3-4 children () % or mean (SD)
p value (chi-squared or -test)
Women with no children () % or mean (SD)
Women with 1-2 children () % or mean (SD)
Women with 3-4 children () % or mean (SD)
value (chi-squared or t-test)
Age, M (SD)
23.4 (5.7)
26.3 (6.2)
34.9 (7.3)
<0.001
17.6 (4.6)
20.3 (4.9)
28.9 (7.2)
<0.001
Education (%)
<0.001
<0.001
None
19.82
16.76
36.67
17.3
13.76
17.57
Primary
9.44
7.16
9.66
8.57
8.59
8.23
Secondary
12.21
12.05
11.13
10.43
10.46
11.13
Higher
43.21
52.12
9.55
44.25
26.12
44.79
Wealth (%)
<0.001
<0.001
Lowest
15.21
12.21
19.67
12.65
11.45
11.22
Second
21.29
14.84
18.86
16.34
15.43
13.12
Third
18.32
18.72
20.23
17.34
16.65
16.22
Fourth
22.61
25.17
21.03
20.12
21.13
19.21
Highest
22.57
29.07
20.22
21.12
19.23
17.23
Residence %
<0.001
<0.001
Postpartum insusceptibility
M (SD)
1.83 (0.59)
1.77 (0.48)
1.82 (0.54)
>0.05
1.76 (0.44)
1.78 (0.41)
1.69 (0.35)
>0.05
Cost of living (%)
93.56
1.82 (0.58)
95.50
<0.001
90.33
1.78 (0.56)
92.33
<0.001
Social transformation
1.92 (0.74)
2.19 (0.73)
2.26 (0.67)
<0.001
1.88 (0.67)
1.79 (0.62)
1.76 (0.66)
<0.001
Comparing differences across the three parity groups. , , and for Ngudu and , , and for Nyamikoma. Source: Kwimba fertility survey, 2015.