Abstract
Calcium-induced alginate-phosphate composite gel beads were prepared, and model drug release profiles were investigated in vitro. The formation of calcium phosphate in the alginate gel matrix was observed and did not affect the rheological properties of the hydrogel beads. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the calcium phosphate does not exist in crystalline form in the matrix. The initial release amount and release rate of a water-soluble drug, diclofenac, from the alginate gel beads could be controlled by modifying the composition of the matrix with calcium phosphate. In contrast, the release profile was not affected by the modification for hydrocortisone, a drug only slightly soluble in water.
1. Introduction
The calcium salt of phosphoric acid (CP) is distributed widely in nature; several types of CP are constituents of animals. For example, hydroxyapatite is a component of bones and teeth in humans. In general, CP is formed by the coexistence of phosphate ions with calcium ions. CP is a harmless material and is used as an additive in foods and medicines; for example, as an active ingredient to protect against dental caries. The suitability of CP as an injectable material has been investigated because of its biocompatibility [1, 2], and CP-polymer composites have been studied as functional biomaterials [3–7]. Natural polysaccharides, which have also been used widely in the food industry, serve as dietary fiber and are not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. An anionic polysaccharide, alginic acid, has been used as a medicine for stomach ulcers as well as a food additive because of its protective effect on the gastric mucosa when given orally. Alginic acid undergoes a sol-gel transformation in response to cations; for example, a solution of sodium alginate immediately forms a cured gel matrix (Alg-Ca) in the presence of calcium ions. The Alg-Ca matrix is used not only as a vehicle for drug delivery, but also as a material in biomedical engineering [8–10].
An investigation of drug release profiles of Alg-Ca showed that the release rate could be controlled by coating and modifying the composition of the gel matrix [11–13]. However, the controlled release of a water-soluble drug from Alg-Ca is difficult because the drug immediately diffuses through the matrix to the gel surface. Therefore, a modification of the gel matrix structure is necessary to control drug release from the Alg-Ca [14]. In the present study, calcium alginate-CP composite gel beads (CAPs) containing a drug were prepared by a simple method in aqueous solution and the rheological properties of CAP were tested, followed by the investigation of the drug release profile from dried CAP in vitro.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Sodium alginate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (AP) were obtained from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan; 300 cps). Sodium diclofenac (DF), hydrocortisone (HC), Ca, CaH, and hydroxyapatite (particle size 46–149 m) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). All other reagents used were of analytical grade.
2.2. Preparation of CP Powder
CP was prepared by the reaction between calcium and ammonium phosphate in aqueous solution as follows. Equal volumes of 8% AP and 9.5% Ca were mixed, resulting in the immediate appearance of a white precipitate. The suspension was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for one day at room temperature and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. The precipitate was collected and washed three times with water, then dried on a dish. It was desiccated under vacuum in the presence of .
2.3. Preparation of CAP
CAP was prepared as follows: 1.5 (w/w)% or 2.0 (w/w)% sodium alginate solution was prepared with demineralized water and AP was added to the solution with agitation. The model drug was then added to 10 g of solution and mixed until homogeneity. Two grams of this solution then combined with 10 mL of 0.1–0.4 M Ca solution and left to stand for 1 hour at room temperature, after which spherical hydrogel beads were obtained. The beads were washed twice with 50 mL distilled water and dried at C for 24 hours on a culture dish, and then desiccated under vacuum in the presence of . The morphology of Alg-Ca was observed with a digital microscope (VHX-200, Keyence Co., Osaka, Japan). The dried Alg-Ca or CAP prepared as described above was ground by electromotive mill (WB-1, Osaka Chemical Co., Osaka, Japan), and a sample of fine powder was used for X-ray diffractometry.
2.4. X-Ray Diffractometry
Powder X-ray diffractometry was conducted using an automatic diffractometer (MX; MAC Science Ltd., Yokohama, Japan) with a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 20 mA. The scanning rate was over a 2 theta range of . The results of X-ray diffraction were interpreted using the XPRESS computer program (Bruker AXS K.K., Yokohama, Japan).
2.5. Rheological Test of Hydrogel Beads
The load weight (g) was measured three times with a rheometer (Rheo Tex, Sun Scientific Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at room temperature and a strain of hydrogel beads pressed with a flat adapter (diameter: 15 mm) reached 0.5 mm.
2.6. Drug Release Test from CAP
The release profile of the drug incorporated in CAP was determined in 500 mL of physiological saline using a JP XIII dissolution test apparatus (Toyama Sangyo Co., Tokyo; paddle method, C, 150 rpm). A 5 mL aliquot of test solution was removed periodically and 5 mL of new medium (C) were added to maintain a constant volume. Absorbance was measured at 275 nm (for DF) or 248 nm (for HC) using an ultraviolet spectrometer (UV-1200, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). All dissolution tests were performed in triplicate.
3. Results and Discussion
When 1.5% sodium alginate containing 0.8% AP was dropped into 0.2 M Ca solution, a cured gel bead approximately 3.5 mm in diameter was formed. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of CP in alginate gel matrix was observed visually. A change in Alg-Ca also was observed when another phosphate, such as NH or H, was added to the alginate solution. For 1.6% AP addition, aggregation of the gel beads occurred in the solution. The results show that formation of calcium-induced alginate gel matrix and that of CP progressed simultaneously.
Figure 2 shows the mass (g) required for deformation of the hydrogel bead. The beads quickly stiffened in Ca solution and a consistent hardness was achieved at about 1 hour. Addition of 0.8% AP did not affect the rheological properties of Alg-Ca prepared with 1.5% alginate, and the CAP showed same profile as that obtained from Alg-Ca.
Figure 3 shows the X-ray diffraction data of CPs and the powder prepared by grinding dried Alg-Ca. Three species of calcium phosphate, Ca, CaH, and , each showed a different diffraction pattern. CP obtained from mixing the AP solution with a Ca solution produced several X-ray diffraction peaks with a pattern compatible with CaH. In addition, the powder prepared by grinding Alg-Ca containing CP also showed the same X-ray diffraction pattern as CaH. The crystal structure of CP was maintained even after Alg-Ca (hydrogel) containing CP was dried and ground using an electromotive mill. However, the diffraction pattern of ground CAP resembled that of ground Alg-Ca (free CAP), which produced a “halo” pattern. These results indicate that CP does not exist in a crystalline form in CAP.
Figure 4 shows the release profile of DF from dried Alg-Ca or CAP. Approximately 20% of DF incorporated in Alg-Ca prepared with 1.5% alginate was released at 10 minutes. The initial release decreased according to the increment of AP added to the sodium alginate for the preparation of CAP; for example, release was % at 10 minutes for CAP prepared with 1.5% alginate containing 0.8% AP. However, the DF release profile from Alg-Ca containing 0.8% hydroxyapatite was the same as that of Alg-Ca (data not shown). Thus, CP formed in Alg-Ca was assumed to act as a part of the dried gel matrix. A change in release rate was not clearly recognized unless Ca concentration did not change. When Alg-Ca was prepared with 2.0% alginate, similar results were obtained.
(a)
(b)
DF is a water-soluble drug and is released immediately through routes formed by permeation of the dissolution medium into the dried alginate gel matrix. Calcium ions act as a raw material for formation of the alginate gel matrix, CP, and/or alginate-phosphate complex.
Table 1 shows the release parameters of DF from Alg-Ca or CAP prepared at various Ca concentrations. For Alg-Ca (CP free), the amount of DF incorporated increased, and the release rate decreased, based on Ca concentration (although the initial release amount did not change greatly). The effect was more remarkable for CAP prepared with 0.8% AP, which produced a release rate of 0.19% .
Figure 5 shows HC release profiles from Alg-Ca. The initial release of HC was minor and the drug was released gradually from Alg-Ca (CP-free). Neither alginate nor Ca concentration affected drug release rate. Modification of Alg-Ca with CP also did not affect the HC release profile. HC is slightly soluble in water, and the release rate, therefore, appears to be governed by the dissolution of the drug as the solvent permeates the pores of the gel matrix.
4. Conclusions
In this study, CAP was prepared and used for the investigation of drug release from a drug delivery vehicle. Drug release occurs when the Alg-Ca surface comes in contact with the dissolution medium. The initial release profile of drugs contained in Alg-Ca is especially affected by the surface structure of the gel matrix. A water-soluble drug DF was immediately released from the intact Alg-Ca, and the drug release rate could be controlled by modifying the composition of the matrix with CP. However, CP and/or calcium alginate are good candidates as implanted materials for bone tissue engineering. Therefore, work is continuing to investigate the biocompatibility of CAP.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by a grant from Hokuriku University (2008).