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| Material | Chemical structure | () | () | Molecular weight (g/mol), intrinsic viscosity [], and composition [reference(s)] | Fabrication method [reference(s)] | Mechanical properties [reference(s)] |
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| Alginate/Chitosan blend | | | | Alginate: 57% mannuronic acid; Chitosan: 89% and 91% | Mandrel coating [31] | 0.38 ± 0.16 N (pull-out force) 37 ± 1, 40 ± 4, and 61 ± 1 kPa (shear modulus) under normal forces of 3, 10, and 30 N |
|
|
Chitosan |  | 203 | | 210 k, 93% | Dip-coating [25] | |
| | | 22 k, 92.3% | Injection molding [26] | |
| | 400 k, 89% | Injection molding [29] | |
| | 85% | Soft lithography and molding [27] | |
| | 1.8 M, 85.1% | Braiding and molding [28] | Unreinforced porous conduits: 0.41 ± 0.17 MPa; Fiber-reinforced conduits: 3.69 ± 0.64 MPa (tensile strength) |
|
| Chitosan/PLA blend | | | |
Chitosan: 22 k, 92.3%; PLA: 460 k | Mandrel coating [30] | |
|
| Collagen | | | | |
Dip-coating and crosslinking [32, 33] | |
| | | | | Injection molding and crosslinking [34–36] | |
| | | | | Fiber winding [37] | |
| | | | | Unidirectional freezing and freeze-drying [38–40] | |
| | | | | Film rolling and crosslinking [41, 42] | Crosslinked: 32.6 ± 0.6 or 22.5 ± 0.7 kPa; Uncrosslinked: 16.7 ± 0.7 kPa. (tensile modulus) [42] |
|
|
Collagen/Chitosan blend | | | | |
Unidirectional freezing and freeze-drying [43] | |
| | | Chitosan: 150 k, 96.7%, Collagen: Chitosan = 4 : 1 | | 87 ± 7 kPa (tensile modulus) |
| | | Collagen: Chitosan = 3:1 | Freeze-drying and steam-extrusion [44] | 326 ± 11 kPa (tensile modulus) |
| | | Collagen: Chitosan = 4:3 | | 886 ± 3 kPa (tensile modulus) |
|
| Gelatin | | | | bloom number: 300 | Injection molding and crosslinking [45–47] | Porous: 0.94 ± 0.22 MPa; Nonporous: 7.25 ± 4.1 MPa (tensile stress) [46] |
| | | Dipcoating and crosslinking [48–50] |
|
| Cinnamoyl HA |  | | | | Injection molding and photo-crosslinking [52] | |
| Hyaff | | | | Braiding [54] | |
|
|
SF | | | | | Injection molding [55] | Dry condition: 10.9 ± 0.3 MPa (maximum fracture strength), 27.7 ± 0.8 g (compressive strength);Wet condition: 5.5 ± 0.4 MPa (maximum fracture strength), 2.5 ± 0.5 g (compressive strength). |
| | | | | Electrospinning and film rolling [56] | |
|
|
PAN-PVC |  | | | |
Wet-phase inversion [57, 58] | |
|
| PDMS or silicone |  | | | | Commercially available [59–63] | |
|
| PE |  | | | | Commercially available [64, 65] | |
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|
PHEMA-MMA |  | | | |
Centrifuge casting and crosslinking [66–73] |
177 ± 26 kPa, 311 ± 51 kPa (tensile modulus) [71] 263 ± 13 kPa (tensile modulus) [73] |
|
| PPy |  | | | | Electro-plating and molding [74] | |
|
| PCD |  | | | [] = 2.09 dL/g, PCL:PDO = 95 : 5 | Injection molding [75] | |
|
| PCL |  | ~ | ~60 | 65 k [76] | Dip coating [76, 77] | |
| | | Braiding [78] | |
| | 80 k | Melt extrusion [79] | |
| | | Wire mesh and mandrel coating [80] | 206–345 MPa (tensile modulus) 20–34 MPa (tensile strength) |
|
| PCL/CultiSpher | | | | | Wire mesh and mandrel coating [80] | 0.13 ± 0.1 MPa (tensile modulus) 0.51 ± 0.3 MPa (tensile strength) |
|
| PCL/gelatin and PCL/PLL grafted gelatin | | | | PCL: 80k; gelatin: bloom number 300; FITC-labeled PLL: 30–70 k; PLL bromide: 150–300 k | Melt extrusion and inner surface treatment [79] | |
|
|
PCLA |  |
~ |
39 |
3.5 k |
Injection molding and photo-crosslinking [81] |
70.0 ± 31.1 MPa (tensile modulus at C) |
|
| PCLF |  | ~ | 42 | 9 k | Injection molding and photo-crosslinking [82–84] | 138 ± 17 MPa (tensile modulus)
0.42 ± 0.03 N (pull-out force)
73.4 ± 12.7 MPa (flexural modulus) |
|
|
PDLLA |  | | |
46.7 k [85] |
Dip coating [65, 85, 86] | |
|
| PDLLC |  | | | LA:CL = 50 : 50;
L:D in LA = 85 : 15 | Dip coating [87] | |
| | LA:CL = 80 : 20 | Ink-jet microdispensing [88] | |
|
|
PDO |  | 16 |
110 |
[] = 1.89 dL/g |
Injection molding [75] | |
|
| PGA |  | 45–50 [89] | 225–235 [89] | 150 k | Braiding and dip-coating with collagen [90–94] | |
|
| PGC |  | | | [] = 1.63 dL/g,
GA:CL = 65 : 35 | Injection molding [75] | |
|
| PGS |  | | 5.23, 37.62 [95] | | Injection molding and crosslinking [95, 96] | 0.28 MPa (tensile modulus) > 0.5 MPa (tensile strength) |
|
| PHB |  | | | | Film rolling [97, 98] | |
| | | Commercially available [99] | |
|
| PHBHHx |  | | | | Dip coating and leaching [100] | Conduits with non-uniform wall porosity: 2.29 ± 0.37 MPa, with uniform wall porosity: 0.94 ± 0.19 MPa (wet state tensile stress) |
|
| PHBV/P(L-D,L)LA/PLGA blend |  | | | PHBV: 95% PHB; P(L-D,L)LA:PLLA:P(D,L)LA = 70 : 30, [] = 5.5–6.5 g/dL; PLGA: 50 : 50, [] = 0.32–0.44 g/dL |
Solvent casting from micropatterned silicon templates and then film rolling on electrospun mat [101] |
Solid film: 1.05 ± 0.23 MPa, Porous film: 0.08 ± 0.02 MPa (tensile modulus) |
 | | |
 | | |
|
|
PLC |  |
60 |
134 |
[] = 1.58 dL/g, LA:CL = 60 : 40 |
Injection molding [75] | |
|
| PLGA |  | | | 113 k, 75 : 25, 52 k, 50 : 50, Pluronic F127 (EG99PG65EG99, 12.5 k) added. | Immersion precipitation [102, 103] | |
| | [] = 0.5–0.79 dL/g, 50 : 50; [] = 1.2–1.59 dL/g, 90 : 10+ [104]51.9 k, [] = 0.9–1.2 dL/g, 85 : 15 [105] | Dipcoating and immersion precipitation [104, 105] | |
| | [] = 0.2 dL/g, 50 : 50 | Wet phase inversion [106] | |
| | 94 k, 85 : 15 [107] 122 k, 75 : 25 [108] 58.8 k, 50 : 50; 92 k, 75 : 25; 120 k, 85 : 15+ [109] 75 k, 85 : 15 [110] 80–120 k, 11–24 k, 75 : 25 [111]136 k, 85 : 15 [112, 113] | Injection molding [107–113] | 7-channel, porosity of 78.6% : 0.8 ± 0.2 kPa; 7-channel, porosity of 78.6%: 510 ± 130 kPa (compression modulus) [108]Porous multiple lumen conduits using 80–120 K (porogen:polymer = 12 : 1): 134 kPa (compression modulus) [111] |
| | 37.4 k, 75 : 25 | Extrusion [114] | Porous conduits: ~8 MPa (tensile modulus) |
| | 100 k, 10 : 90 | Electrospinning [115] | |
| | 10 : 90 | Microbraiding [116] | |
| | 64.7 k, 85 : 15+ | Dip coating [117] | |
|
| PLGA/gelatin blend | | | | | Molding [118] | Composition dependent: ~0.25–~3.75 MPa (tensile strength) |
|
|
PLGC |  | | |
300 k, LA:GA:CL = 75 : 8:1 |
Film rolling [119] | |
|
| PLLA |  | 55–60 | 170–175 | 46.5 k | Extrusion [114] | Porous conduits: ~80 MPa (tensile modulus) |
| Braiding [120] | |
| 46.5 k [121] | Solvent casting, extrusion, and particulate leaching [121, 122] | 81.7 ± 35.1 MPa (tensile strength), 1.0 ± 0.4 MPa (tensile modulus) [121] |
| Fused deposition [89] | |
| 100 k [117] | Dip coating [117, 123] | |
|
| PLLA and PGA | | | | 130 k [94] | Braiding and dip coating with collagen [94] | |
|
| PLLA-PEG-MA |  | | | LLA:PEG = 2 : 1 and 4 : 1 | Centrifuge casting and crosslinking [124] | |
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| PPE, or P(BHET-EOP/TC) |  | | | 14.9 k and 18.9 k, EOP/TC = 80 : 20, : = 4 : 1 | Dip coating [125–127] | |
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| PPF-PCL |  | | 17.1 | 29k, PPF:PCL = 10 : 90 | Injection molding and photo-crosslinking [128] | 2.68 ± 0.05 MPa (tensile modulus); single-channel conduits: 52.0 ± 1.2 MPa (flexural modulus); seven-channel conduits: 66.0 ± 3.7 MPa (flexural modulus); 0.11 N (pull-out force) |
|
| PSU |  | 185 | | | Commercially available [129–131] | |
|
| PTMC-CL |  | | 47 | TMC:CL = 30 : 70,
[] = 1.31 dL/g | Dip coating [132, 133] | |
| 44 | TMC:CL = 15 : 85,
[] = 1.27 dL/g | |
|
| PU based on PEG and PCL diol |  | | | 110 k | Dip coating [134] | |
| | Rapid prototyping [135] | ~8–~15 MPa (tensile strength) |
|
| PU based on PHBV-diol and PGC-diol |  | | 120 | 178 k | | 1.9 MPa (tensile modulus) |
| 122 | 105 k | Extrusion [136] | 8.4 MPa (tensile modulus) |
| 123 | 160 k | | 46 MPa (tensile modulus) |
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