Fibrous Agricultural Biomass as a Potential Source for Bioconversion to Vanillic Acid

Table 1

Composition of six different biomasses (palm oil empty fruit bunch fiber, coconut coir, pineapple peel, pineapple crown leaves, kenaf bast fiber, and kenaf core fiber) in this study (; ).

	EFBF	CCF	PP	PCL	KBF	KCF
Moisture (%)	5.06 ± 1.5^a	6.74 ± 0.15^b	8.54 ± 0.08^d	11.41 ± 0.24^e	7.69 ± 0.09^c	8.30 ± 0.13^d
Ash (%)	3.48 ± 0.16^a	3.73 ± 0.48^a	5.48 ± 0.27^b	7.80 ± 0.28^c	7.15 ± 0.16^c	5.10 ± 0.16^b
Extractive (%)	11.51 ± 0.02^a	18.02 ± 0.09^c	44.82 ± 1.34^e	39.74 ± 2.77^d	12.44 ± 0.98^ab	13.03 ± 0.24^b
Total carbohydrate (%)
Cellulose (as glucan)	34.46 ± 0.95^d	24.58 ± 0.30^b	13.39 ± 0.10^a	29.08 ± 0.05^c	49.59 ± 4.31^e	35.21 ± 3.11^d
Hemicellulose (as xylan)	19.61 ± 1.40^d	8.67 ± 0.14^b	25.53 ± 2.62^e	18.43 ± 1.18^d	7.08 ± 0.68^a	11.68 ± 0.59^c
Total lignin (%)
Acid soluble lignin	2.84 ± 0.13^bc	1.20 ± 0.01^a	3.19 ± 0.55^c	2.54 ± 0.12^b	2.86 ± 0.31^bc	2.15 ± 0.13^b
Klason lignin	19.50 ± 0.71^c	42.67 ± 0.47^e	16.50 ± 0.24^b	12.83 ± 0.71^a	18.84 ± 1.65^c	30.34 ± 0.47^d

(a) EFBF: palm oil empty fruit bunch fiber; CCF: coconut coir fiber; PP: pineapple peel; PCL: pineapple crown leaves; KBF: kenaf bast fiber; KCF: kenaf core fiber.
(b) a–e: the same alphabets in the same row represent that there are no significant differences between the mean values ().