Suitability of Aquatic Plant Fibers for Handmade Papermaking

Table 3

Chemical composition of aquatic and other nonwood plant species.

Species	Part	Chemical composition (%)			Types of paper produced	References
		Cellulose	Hemicellulose	Lignin
(1) Cyperus  rotundus	S	42.58 ± 1.32^a	45.64 ± 1.12^a	9.54 ± 1.08^b	Cardboard, paper and paperboard	Present study
(2) Scirpus grossus	S	36.21 ± 2.81^b	49.88 ± 0.71^a	13.44 ± 3.90^a	Cardboard, paper and paperboard	Present study
(3) Typha angustifolia	S	44.05 ± 0.49^a	54.84 ± 4.27^a	20.04 ± 3.37^a	Cardboard, paper and paperboard	Present study
(4) Typha (pati)	Wh	36.80	n/a	16.20	Cottage industry	Jahan et al. [35]
(5) Arundo donax	In	36.70	n/a	18.50	Printing and writing paper	Ververis et al. [5]
(6) Musa paradisiaca	S	59.18	n/a	18.21	Greaseproof paper	Goswami et al. [24]
(7) Zea mays	Rs	47.33	n/a	21.33	Fiber plate, rigid cardboard and cardboard paper	Kiaei et al. [26]
(8) Bambusa tulda	St	47.00	n/a	25.70	Printing and writing paper	Sharma et al. [27]
(9) Brassica napus	St	34.50	n/a	20.60	Composites, paper and paperboard	Tofanica et al. [22]

Mean in column with the different superscript (a > b > c) is significantly different (DMRT, < 0.05) for present study. Aquatic plants (no. 1–5); crop plants (no. 6-7), commercial plants (no. 8); vegetable plants (no. 9). n/a: not available; S: stem; Wh: whole; In: internode; Rs: residue; St: stalk.