| Method | Feedstock | Products |
| Anaerobic digestion | Food waste/agricultural waste | Biogas |
| Extraction | Food waste | Food additives, therapeutics | Cosmetics |
| Fermentation | Food waste | Biofuels, organic | Acids, enzymes | Single-cell protein | Agricultural waste | Biofuels, biogas | Organic acids | Textile waste | Biofuels | Cellulose | Succinate |
| Gasification | Food waste | Biofuels | Agricultural waste | Gas, char | Plastic waste | Biofuels |
| Hydrothermal carbonization | Municipal solid waste, agricultural waste | Hydrochar |
| Hydrothermal liquefaction | Agricultural waste | Biofuels |
| Pyrolysis | Food waste | Biofuels | Agricultural waste | Biofuels | Textile waste | Activated carbon, char, syngas, fiber, biooil | Plastic waste | Pyrolysis oil, gas, char |
| Transesterification | Waste oil | Biodiesel |
| Torrefaction | Food waste/agricultural waste | Biocoal, gas |
| Pretreatment method | Feedstock | Yield impact on products |
| Alkaline treatment (using NaOH, CaO, KOH, Ca(OH)2, etc.) | Agricultural waste | Glucan, cellulose, glucose, xylose, ethanol, methane, etc. | Acidic treatment (using H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, acetic acid, maleic acid, etc.) | Agricultural waste | Glucose, monosaccharide, cellulose, ethanol, etc. | Ionic treatment | Agricultural crop waste | Glucan, sugar, cellulose, ethanol, etc. | Organosolv treatment | Agricultural crop waste | Lignin, glucose, sugar, cellulose, hemicellulose, methane, etc. | Ozonolysis | Agricultural crop waste | Methane, ethanol, glucose, xylose, hemicellulose, sugar, etc. |
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