Circularity in Materials: A Review on Polymer Composites Made from Agriculture and Textile Waste

Table 1

Organic waste current utilization methods.

Method	Feedstock	Products
Anaerobic digestion	Food waste/agricultural waste	Biogas
Extraction	Food waste	Food additives, therapeutics
		Cosmetics
Fermentation	Food waste	Biofuels, organic
		Acids, enzymes
		Single-cell protein
	Agricultural waste	Biofuels, biogas
		Organic acids
	Textile waste	Biofuels
		Cellulose
		Succinate
Gasification	Food waste	Biofuels
	Agricultural waste	Gas, char
	Plastic waste	Biofuels
Hydrothermal carbonization	Municipal solid waste, agricultural waste	Hydrochar
Hydrothermal liquefaction	Agricultural waste	Biofuels
Pyrolysis	Food waste	Biofuels
	Agricultural waste	Biofuels
	Textile waste	Activated carbon, char, syngas, fiber, biooil
	Plastic waste	Pyrolysis oil, gas, char
Transesterification	Waste oil	Biodiesel
Torrefaction	Food waste/agricultural waste	Biocoal, gas
Pretreatment method	Feedstock	Yield impact on products
Alkaline treatment (using NaOH, CaO, KOH, Ca(OH)2, etc.)	Agricultural waste	Glucan, cellulose, glucose, xylose, ethanol, methane, etc.
Acidic treatment (using H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, acetic acid, maleic acid, etc.)	Agricultural waste	Glucose, monosaccharide, cellulose, ethanol, etc.
Ionic treatment	Agricultural crop waste	Glucan, sugar, cellulose, ethanol, etc.
Organosolv treatment	Agricultural crop waste	Lignin, glucose, sugar, cellulose, hemicellulose, methane, etc.
Ozonolysis	Agricultural crop waste	Methane, ethanol, glucose, xylose, hemicellulose, sugar, etc.