Effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Supplementation on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients with Hypovitamin D Which Were Given Vitamin D₃ towards Disease Activity (SLEDAI), IL-6, and TGF-β1 Serum

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of subjects.

Characteristics	Vitamin D3 + placebo; ( = 20)	Vitamin D3 + Curcuma xanthorrhiza ( = 19)	value
Age (y.o.) (mean ± SD)	30.3 ± 10.0	27.9 ± 7.9	0.415
Illness duration (years) (median; IQR)	2.25 (IQR: 1.0–4.0)	2.0 (IQR: 1.0–4.0)	0.937
Body mass index (kg/m^2) (median; IQR)	20.8 (IQR: 16.4–27.3)	20.8 (IQR: 17.1–28.3)	0.915
SLEDAI (mean ± SD)	15.1 ± 7.6	15.2 ± 7.4	0.879
Early manifestation (%)
Mucocutan	17 (43.6%)	13 (33.3%)	0.219
Arthritis	9 (23.1%)	7 (17.9%)	0.605
Nephritis (proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, cylindruria)	4 (10.3%)	8 (20.5%)	0.135
Hematology (AIHA, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia)	2 (5.1%)	3 (7.7%)	0.589
Vasculitis	1 (2.6%)	1 (2.6%)	0.970
Serositis	1 (2.6%)	1 (2.6%)	0.970
Cerebral	3 (7.7%)	4 (10.3%)	0.622
Medications (%)
(a) Non-Immunosuppressants
(i) Methylprednisolone (<8 mg/day)	19 (48.7%)	19 (48.7%)	0.323
(ii) Calcium Carbonate	19 (48.7%)	15 (38.5%)	0.134
(b) Immunosuppressants
(i) Chloroquine	10 (25.6%)	7 (17.9%)	0.408
(ii) Cyclosporine	2 (5.1%)	0 (0%)	0.157
(iii) Cyclophosphamide	1 (2.6%)	5 (12.8%)	0.065
(iv) Azathioprine	10 (25.6%)	14 (35.9%)	0.129
(v) Mofetil mycophenolate	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	—

IQR: interquartile.