Endothelial Dysfunction and Diabetes: Effects on Angiogenesis, Vascular Remodeling, and Wound Healing

Table 1

Comparison of aberrant angiogenesis under diabetes.

Defective angiogenesis		Excessive angiogenesis
Phenotype	Causes	Phenotype	Causes
Reduced angiogenesis and collateral formation	Reduced VEGF, FGF, EPC circulation, cytokines, ECM/BM degradation; increased AGEs and MMP	Retinal capillary occlusion	Elevated intraocular pressure
Vascular occlusion, inflammation	Increased free fatty acids, polyol pathway, cytokines, ICAM, VCAM	Increased vascular permeability	Increased VEGF
Reduced wound healing; transplant failure	Reduced VEGF and growth factors; sorbitol-inositol imbalance; increased ACE, Ang-II and tissue factor mRNA	Capillary sprouting	Increased VEGF, FGF, PDGF; cytokines (TGF-β); integrins
Embryonic vasculopathy (anomalous vasculogenesis and angiogenesis)	Reduced VEGF, IL-1, TGF-β	Vascular remodeling	Increased laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV, ECM components, lipidosis