Leadership of Winter Mixed-Species Flocks by Tufted Titmice (Baeolophus bicolor): Are Titmice Passive Nuclear Species?

Table 2

Angular-Angular correlation coefficients (𝑟_𝑎𝑎) for correlations between a focal individual’s movement direction and the movement direction of responding individuals (within-flock movement) in different cover types and for different movement distances of focal individuals. N = number of individuals observed. Confidence intervals (95% CI) for each 𝑟_𝑎𝑎 are reported (L₁, L₂; see Zar [35]). Confidence intervals that do not include 0 indicate a significant 𝑟_𝑎𝑎 (in bold print) at P < 0.05.

	Overall			Cover type
	(All cover types)			Boundary			Hardwood			Open
Flock role	𝑟aa	N	95% CI (L1, L2)	𝑟aa	N	95% CI (L1, L2)	𝑟aa	N	95% CI (L1, L2)	𝑟aa	N	95% CI (L1, L2)
All focal individuals
Nuclear	0.101	65	0.097, 0.101	−0.072	16	−0.101, −0.078	0.170	29	0.163, 0.174	0.267	20	0.257, 0.279
Satellite	0.182	45	0.181, 0.187	0.918	5	0.880, 0.953	0.049	28	0.046, 0.062	0.197	12	0.169, 0.234
Focal individual <15 m
Nuclear	0.034	34	0.024, 0.033	−0.094	9	−0.070, 0.004	0.173	18	0.151, 0.179	−0.243	7	−0.315, −0.140
Satellite	0.121	25	0.116, 0.129	N/A	1	N/A	0.063	19	0.056, 0.074	0.328	5	0.140, 0.650
Focal individual >15 m
Nuclear	0.207	31	0.201, 0.211	0.037	7	−0.041, 0.087	−0.025	11	−0.063, 0.024	0.393	13	0.369, 0.406
Satellite	0.339	20	0.339, 0.354	0.986	4	0.983, 0.996	−0.168	9	−0.182, −0.109	0.160	7	0.070, 0.303