Table 1: Citizen science typologies as described by Wiggins and Crowston [1].

Type Description Example Action Employ volunteer-initiated participatory action research to encourage participant intervention in local concerns. Shermans Creek Conservation Association (http://www.shermanscreek.org/) Conservation Address natural resource management goals, involving participants in stewardship for outreach and increased scope. Missouri Stream Team Project (http://www.mostreamteam.org/) Investigation Focus of scientific research goals focussed on collecting data from the physical environment, usually underpinned by an hypothesis or research goal. BirdTrack (http://www.bto.org/volunteer-surveys/birdtrack) Virtual Similar goals to the investigation project, but are entirely mediated by ICT having no physical element. Whale FM (http://whale.fm/) Education Education and outreach are their primary goals, often data is not collected in a meaningful way that might be useful to other researchers. Often provides formal and informal learning resources. Bird Sleuth (http://www.birds.cornell.edu/birdsleuth)