The Citizen Science Landscape: From Volunteers to Citizen Sensors and Beyond

Table 1

Citizen science typologies as described by Wiggins and Crowston [1].

Type	Description	Example
Action	Employ volunteer-initiated participatory action research to encourage participant intervention in local concerns.	Shermans Creek Conservation Association; (http://www.shermanscreek.org/)
Conservation	Address natural resource management goals, involving participants in stewardship for outreach and increased scope.	Missouri Stream Team Project; (http://www.mostreamteam.org/)
Investigation	Focus of scientific research goals focussed on collecting data from the physical environment, usually underpinned by an hypothesis or research goal.	BirdTrack; (http://www.bto.org/volunteer-surveys/birdtrack)
Virtual	Similar goals to the investigation project, but are entirely mediated by ICT having no physical element.	Whale FM; (http://whale.fm/)
Education	Education and outreach are their primary goals, often data is not collected in a meaningful way that might be useful to other researchers. Often provides formal and informal learning resources.	Bird Sleuth; (http://www.birds.cornell.edu/birdsleuth)