Table 2: Primary goals of citizen science projects (adapted and modified from Wiggins and Crowston [1]).

Project URL Primary goal Description Globe at Night http://www.globeatnight.org/ Education Learning about light pollution with use of mobile phone or Web cam and internet connection. Fossil Finders http://www.fossilfinders.org/ Education Learning about Devonian Fossils through authentic inquiry-based investigation. Bird Sleuth http://www.birds.cornell.edu/birdsleuth/ Education Learning about birds through inquiry-based investigation. Missouri Stream Team Project http://www.mostreamteam.org Conservation Promotes the formation of “stream teams” which monitor streams in their area. What’s Invasive http://whatsinvasive.com/ Conservation Locating invasive plants. Shermans Creek Conservation Association http://www.shermanscreek.org/ Action Started to oppose the building of a power plant on local land, they now monitor the area and have regular talks. ReClam the Bay http://www.reclamthebay.org/ Action Promotes environmental involvement by growing and maintaining baby clams and oysters to stock their local bay. * Whale FM http://whale.fm/ Virtual Asks participants to listen to and classify whale song. * Galaxy Zoo http://www.galaxyzoo.org/ Virtual Invites participants to classify images of galaxies. Pathfinder http://www.pathfinderscience.net/ Virtual Collaborative online environment for citizen scientists. Foldit http://www.fold.it/ Virtual Proving human superiority at protein folding.

* Part of Zooniverse—https://www.zooniverse.org/projects —citizen science hub for virtual citizen science projects exploiting the human ability to spot patterns and classify data where traditional statistical analysis struggles.