Research Article

Acoustic Repertoire of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta fraterculus) and Individual Variation of Long-Distance Calls

Table 1

Acoustic parameters of eight call types identified in the repertoire of the Philippine tarsier—start frequency (start ) (mean (±SD)) (Hz), minimum frequency (min ) (Hz), maximum frequency (max ) (Hz), duration (s), and number of notes contained in the call—mean (min-max) (*max reached above 22 kHz several times). It was difficult to measure min and max in distress call; therefore, only start (start of the fundamental frequency) and duration was measured. Numbers of analyzed calls (individuals) are given in each call type.

start (Hz)min (Hz)max (Hz)Duration (s)Notes calls (individuals)

Loud call14310 (±1555)4855 (±809)19340* (±1961)0.28 (±0.29)1358 (14)
Smack-whistle17730 (±2854)8178 (±2231)17731* (±2855)0.46 (±0.06)1133 (8)
Whistle18360 (±2792)13507 (±1263)18366* (±2799)0.38 (±0.06)1119 (10)
Chirp20537 (±2370)12093 (±2316)22445 (±1718)0.66 (±0.19)15 (6–25)39 (7)
Trill9752 (±4351)3664 (±1495)21451 (±1427)5.20 (±2.15)4 (2–7)14 (4)
Cheep15702 (±2015)15702 (±2015)16273 (±2494)0.23 (±0.10)171 (3)
Twitter11343 (±2741)11343 (±2741)21881 (±2533)0.77 (±0.20)4 (1–5)20 (1-2)
Distress1309 (±678)0.15 (±0.14)187 (5)