Jaw Musculature of the Picini (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)

Table 1

Aspects of the jaw musculature compared among the species of the Picini.

JM	B. rubiginosus	R. validus	D. javanense	D. rafflesii	P. miniaceus	P. mentalis	P. puniceus
1	Two bundles; rt1 laterally and medially	Two bundles; rt1 medially	One bundle; rt1 laterally and medially	One bundle; rt1 laterally and medially	One bundle; rt1 laterally and medially	One bundle; rt1 laterally and medially	One bundle; rt1 laterally and medially
2	One aponeurosis	Two aponeuroses	One aponeurosis	Two aponeuroses	One aponeurosis	One aponeurosis	One aponeurosis
3	rl1 lateral zygomatic pr.	rl1 dorsolateral	rl1 lateral zygomatic pr	rl1 lateral zygomatic pr	rl1 dorsolateral	rl1 dorsolateral	rl1 dorsolateral
4	v1 rostral zygomatic process; deep portion—lateral v2	v1 dorsocaudal zygomatic process; deep portion—rostroventral v2	v1 rostral zygomatic process; deep portion—lateral v2	v1 rostral zygomatic process; deep portion—lateral v2	v1 rostral zygomatic process; deep portion—rostroventral v2	v1 rostral zygomatic process; deep portion—rostroventral v2	v1 rostral zygomatic process; deep portion—rostroventral v2
5	cl1 from C1 crest otic pr. quadrate	cl1 from C1 crest otic pr. quadrate	cl1 from C1 crest otic pr. quadrate	cl1 from C1 crest otic pr. quadrate	cl1 ventral zygomatic process; two aponeuroses	cl1 ventral zygomatic process; two aponeuroses	cl1 ventral zygomatic process; two aponeuroses
6	Aponeurosis origin	Aponeurosis origin	Aponeurosis origin	Aponeurosis origin	Fleshy origin	Fleshy origin	Fleshy origin
7	Fleshy origin; one fleshy fiber	Aponeurotic origin; one fleshy fiber	Fleshy origin; one fleshy fiber	Fleshy origin; one fleshy fiber	Fleshy origin; one fleshy fiber	Fleshy origin; two fleshy fibers	Fleshy origin; one fleshy fiber
8	Origin: lower part in the orbit	Origin: lower part in the orbit	Origin: high part in the orbit	Origin: lower part in the orbit	Origin: lower part in the orbit	Origin: lower part in the orbit	Origin: lower part in the orbit
9	Double origin; superficial portion: origin at the top-orbital process of the quadrate	Single origin; superficial portion: origin at the top-orbital process of the quadrate	Double origin; superficial portion: origin-lateral surface orbital process of the quadrate	Double origin; superficial portion: origin-lateral surface orbital process of the quadrate	Double origin; superficial portion: origin at the top-orbital process of the quadrate	Double origin; superficial portion: origin at the top-orbital process of the quadrate	Double origin; superficial portion: origin at the top-orbital process of the quadrate
10	One fleshy fibers in two parts	Two distinct bundles of fleshy fibers	One fleshy fibers in two parts	One fleshy fibers in two parts	One fleshy fibers in two parts	One fleshy fibers in two parts	One fleshy fibers in two parts
11	Insertion: dorsal process pterygoid	Insertion: dorsal process pterygoid	Insertion: dorsal process pterygoid	Insertion: dorsal process pterygoid	Insertion: dorsocaudal pterygoid	Insertion: dorsocaudal pterygoid	Insertion: dorsocaudal pterygoid
12	Two distinct bundles with associated aponeuroses	Two distinct bundles with associated aponeuroses	Two distinct bundles with associated aponeuroses	Three distinct bundles with associated aponeuroses	One bundle with one aponeurosis	Two distinct bundles with associated aponeuroses	One bundle with one aponeurosis
13	Associated with dorsalis lateralis	Associated with dorsalis lateralis	Associated with dorsalis lateralis; venter externus	Associated with dorsalis lateralis	Associated with dorsalis lateralis	Associated with dorsalis lateralis	Associated with dorsalis lateralis
14	Two distinct surfaces of insertion	Two distinct surfaces of insertion	Two distinct surfaces of insertion	Two distinct surfaces of insertion	Two distinct surfaces of insertion	Two distinct surfaces of insertion	Two distinct surfaces of insertion
15	Two aponeuroses of insertion	Two aponeuroses of insertion	Two aponeuroses of insertion	Two aponeuroses of insertion	Two aponeuroses of insertion	Two aponeuroses of insertion	Two aponeuroses of insertion
16	Intermediate portion with fleshy fibers	One aponeurosis-intermediate portion	Intermediate portion with fleshy fibers	Intermediate portion with fleshy fibers	One aponeurosis-intermediate portion	Intermediate portion with fleshy fibers	One aponeurosis-intermediate portion

JM: Jaw musculature. 1: M. adductor mandibulae externus rostralis temporalis; 2: M. adductor mandibulae externus rostralis medialis; 3: M. adductor mandibulae externus rostralis lateralis; 4: M. adductor mandibulae externus ventralis; 5: M. adductor mandibulae externus caudalis lateralis; 6: M. adductor mandibulae externus caudalis medials; 7: M. adductor mandibulae posterior; 8: M. pseudotemporalis superficialis; 9: M. pseudotemporalis profundus; 10: M. protractor quadrati; 11: M. protractor pterygoidei; 12: M. pterygoideus ventralis medialis; 13: M. pterygoideus ventralis lateralis; 14: M. pterygoideus dorsalis lateralis; 15: M. pterygoideus dorsalis medialis; 16: M. depressor mandibulae. Letters and numbers refer to aponeuroses.